Nano-Biofortification for Human and Environmental Health (Sustainable Plant Nutrition in a Changing World)

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Editor
Co-editors
Chapter 1: Nano-Enabled Approaches for Biofortification Strategies to Enhance Crop Production with Micronutrient Enrichment
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Nanoparticles Synthesis
		1.2.1 Top-Down Approach
		1.2.2 Bottom-Up Approach
	1.3 Methodologies for Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		1.3.1 Physical Methods
		1.3.2 Chemical Method
		1.3.3 Biogenic Method
		1.3.4 Plant Extract-Based Biogenic Synthesis of NPs
		1.3.5 Microbe-Based Biogenic Synthesis of NPs
	1.4 Role of Nanotechnology in Crop Fortification
		1.4.1 Zeolite-NP-Based Nanofertilizer
		1.4.2 Zinc/Zinc Oxide NP-Based Nanofertilizer
	1.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Nanobiofortification: An Emerging Approach
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Role of Nanotechnology in Biofortification
	2.3 Biofortification Approaches
	2.4 Agronomic Biofortification
	2.5 Genetic Biofortification
	2.6 Biofortification Through Nanotechnology-Based Approaches
	2.7 Nanobiofortication for Environmental Health
	2.8 Nanobiofortification for Human Health
	2.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Nanobiofortification of Vegetables for Nutritive Values and Qualitative Traits
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 The Role of Vegetables in Human Health
	3.3 Basics of Nanobiofortification
	3.4 Mechanism of Nanoparticle Uptake, Translocation and Accumulation in Plants
	3.5 Nanobiofortification of Minerals in Vegetables
		3.5.1 Growth and Development of Vegetables
		3.5.2 Vegetable Quality
		3.5.3 Fertilizer Use Efficiency and Nutrient Uptake
		3.5.4 Plant Protection
		3.5.5 Postharvest Management
	References
Chapter 4: Nano-Biofortified Crop Plants with Zinc for Human Health
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Importance of Zinc in Plant Nutrition and Human Health
	4.3 Zinc in Soil: Availability and Deficiency
	4.4 Importance of Zn Biofortification in Human Health
	4.5 Methods of Zinc Biofortification
	4.6 Examples of some Nanoparticles Used in Crop Fortification
	4.7 Zinc Biofortification of Vegetable Crops
	4.8 Factors Affecting the Success of Zn Biofortification
	4.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 5: Nano-Biofortification: An Environmental Health Overview
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Nanotechnology
	5.3 Why Look at Nanotechnology for Agricultural Inputs and Biofortification?
	5.4 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
	5.5 Biofortification
	5.6 Biofortification of Crops
	5.7 “Nano” Forms Used in Biofortification Programs and Their Types
	5.8 Agronomic Biofortification
	5.9 Nano-Biofortification via Seed Priming
	5.10 Nano-Biofortification via Soil Fertilization
	5.11 Nano-Biofortification via Foliar Fertilization
	5.12 Conventional Breeding
	5.13 Nutritional Genetic Modification
	5.14 Entry of Nanoparticles and Their Effect on the Nutritional Status of Plant
	5.15 Nano-Biofortification in the Light of Cost-Effectiveness and Environmental Health
	5.16 Challenges of Nano-Biofortification
	5.17 Conclusions
	5.18 Future Directions
	References
Chapter 6: ZnO-NP-Based Biofortification to Enhance Crop Production with Micronutrient Enrichment to Combat Malnutrition
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Soil Zinc Availability
	6.3 Agricultural Crop Zinc Deficiency
	6.4 Physio-Biochemical and Molecular Importance of Zn
	6.5 Role of ZnO-NPs in Nano-Fortification
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Theoretical Foundations
		7.2.1 The Importance of ES for the Economic and Social Well-Being of the People
	7.3 Classification of ES
	7.4 Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services (ESV)
	7.5 ES Economic Valuation Methods
		7.5.1 Market Approach
			7.5.1.1 Productivity Method
			7.5.1.2 Market Price Methods
		7.5.2 Nonmarket Approach
			7.5.2.1 Revealed Preference
			7.5.2.2 Benefit Transfer Method
			7.5.2.3 Stated Preference Method
	7.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: Malnutrition and Human Health: Causes, Consequences and Their Sustainable Remedies
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Malnutrition
	8.3 Undernutrition
	8.4 Types of Undernutrition
	8.5 Causes of Undernutrition
	8.6 Consequences of Undernutrition on Human Health
	8.7 Overnutrition
	8.8 Causes of Overnutrition
	8.9 Consequences of Overnutrition on Human Health
	8.10 Therapeutics of Malnutrition
	8.11 Sustainable Remedies
		8.11.1 Awareness Programmes
	8.12 Government Programmes and Policies
	8.13 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Current Perspective on Malnutrition and Human Health
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Forms Associated with Malnutrition
	9.3 Deficiency and Essential Nutrient Inadequacies
	9.4 Global Hunger Index 2021
	9.5 Causes of Malnutrition
	9.6 Impact of Malnutrition on Human Health
	9.7 Malnutrition’s Consequences
	9.8 Childhood Malnutrition
	9.9 Microbiota in Malnutrition
	9.10 Intervention Strategies for Eliminating Malnutrition
	9.11 Eliminating Malnutrition Through Horticulture
	9.12 Malnutrition Reduction Methods Currently Used in Developing Nations
	9.13 Tackling the Micronutrient Malnutrition
	9.14 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Indian Saffron Use as a Source of Drugs and Therapeutics
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 Turmeric
		10.1.2 The Lakadong Variety of Turmeric
	10.2 Biological Properties
	10.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Micro- and Nanoparticle of Chitosan for Vitamin Encapsulation: A Nutshell Overview
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Microencapsulation vs. Nanoencapsulation of Vitamins
	11.3 Methods for Preparing Chitosan Micro- and Nanoparticles
	11.4 Cross-Linking
	11.5 Coacervation
	11.6 Spray-Drying
	11.7 Chitosan Encapsulation of Vitamin C by Spray-Drying
	11.8 Emulsion Coalescence Technique
	11.9 Ionic Gelation
	11.10 Effect of Various Parameters on the Physicochemical Properties of Nanoparticles
	11.11 Use of Other Polyanions
	11.12 Reverse Micellar Process
	11.13 Desolvation
	11.14 Sieving Technique
	11.15 Different Nanocarriers Developed with Chitosan
	11.16 Chitosan Particles as Stabilisers in Pickering Emulsions
	11.17 Chitosan Particles as Vitamin Carrier Systems
	11.18 Challenges and Future Prospects
	11.19 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 12: Nanofertilizers: A Futuristic Approach to Crop Production and Towards a Sustainable Environment
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Nanotechnology: An Approach to Sustainable Agricultural Development
	12.3 Role of Nanofertilizer in Agriculture
	12.4 Need and Possible Benefits of Nanofertilizers upon Conventional Fertilizers
	12.5 Salient Features of Nanofertilizer
	12.6 Synthesis of Nanomaterial
		12.6.1 Nanofertilizers of Macronutrients
		12.6.2 Nanofertilizers of Micronutrients
	12.7 Fertilizers with Non-nutrient Nanoparticulates
	12.8 Nano-biofertilizer: A New Eco-friendly Approach to Sustainable Agriculture
	12.9 Nanofertilizers as a Tool for the Smart Delivery of Nutrients
		12.9.1 In Vitro Methods
			12.9.1.1 Hydroponics
			12.9.1.2 Aeroponics
		12.9.2 In Vivo Methods
			12.9.2.1 Soil Application
			12.9.2.2 Spray into the Foliage
	12.10 Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Uptake, Translocation and Fate in Plants
	12.11 Uptake Mechanisms of Nanoparticles by Plants
	12.12 Mechanism of Nanoparticle Translocation in Plants
	12.13 Impacts of Application of Nanofertilizers on Ecosystems
		12.13.1 Positive Impacts of Nanofertilizers
		12.13.2 Possible Negative Impact of Nanofertilizers
			12.13.2.1 Negative Impacts on Plants
			12.13.2.2 Negative Impacts on Soil Ecosystems
			12.13.2.3 Negative Impacts on Human Health
	12.14 Bio-safety and Ethical Issues Related to Nanofertilizers
	12.15 Future Prospects
	12.16 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Promising Role of Fungal Symbiosis for Eco-friendly Green Technology for Environmental Health
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Importance of Fungi in the Aspect of Plant
	13.3 Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
	13.4 Endomycorrhizal Fungi
	13.5 Fungal Symbiosis and Soil Fertility
	13.6 Fungal Symbiosis in Plant Production
	13.7 Role of Different Types of Fungi in Plant Productivity
		13.7.1 Saprophytic Fungi
		13.7.2 Pathogenic Fungi
	13.8 Fungal Symbiosis and Soil Management
	13.9 Soil Erosion
	13.10 Salinity
	13.11 Drought
	13.12 Temperature Extremities Stress
	13.13 Heavy Metal Contamination
	13.14 The Potential Role of Mycorrhiza in Sustainable Agriculture
	13.15 Need, Challenges, and Future Perspectives of Fungal Symbiosis
	13.16 Conclusion and Future Insight
	References
Chapter 14: Nanofertilizers in Agriculture: Futuristic Approach
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Forms/Types of Nanofertilizers
		14.2.1 Macronutrient-Based Nanofertilizers
		14.2.2 Micronutrient-Based Nanofertilizers
		14.2.3 Biofertilizer-Based Nanofertilizers
	14.3 Nanofertilizer Synthesis and Mechanism
		14.3.1 Synthesis
		14.3.2 Uptake/Mechanism of Nanofertilizers
	14.4 Impact of Nanofertilizers on Plant Growth
	14.5 Environmental and Health Concerns of Nanofertilizers
		14.5.1 Improved Nutrient Use Efficiency Vis-à-Vis Reduced Losses
		14.5.2 Nanofertilizers Mediated Stress Tolerance
		14.5.3 Nanofertilizers and Toxicity
	14.6 Advantages and Limitations of Nanofertilizers
		14.6.1 Advantages
		14.6.2 Limitations of Nanofertilizers
	14.7 Future Prospects
	14.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 15: Plant Secondary Metabolites and Their Impact on Human Health
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Plant Secondary Metabolites
	15.3 Sources of Plant Secondary Metabolites
	15.4 Biosynthesis Pathways
	15.5 Classification of Plant Secondary Metabolites (PSMs)
		15.5.1 Terpenes
		15.5.2 Phenolics
		15.5.3 Nitrogen- and Sulfur-Containing Compounds
	15.6 Functions of Secondary Metabolites in Plants
	15.7 Benefit of Plant Metabolites in Human Health
	15.8 Effect of External Factors on Plant Secondary Metabolites
	15.9 Improving the Production of Secondary Plant Metabolites
	References
Chapter 16: Advances in Biofertilizer Production Technologies: Paradigm for Improving Agriculture Through Microbial Resources
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Formulations
	16.3 Types of Formulations
		16.3.1 Solid-Based Inoculant Formulations
		16.3.2 Characteristics of the Carrier Material Used for the Development of Formulation (Sahu & Brahmaprakash, 2016; Trevors et al., 1992)
		16.3.3 2 Types of Existing Carriers for Inoculants (Bashan, 1998; Mohammadi, 1994)
		16.3.4 Forms of Carriers (Bashan, 1998; Ciafardini & Barbieri, 1987; Smith, 1992)
	16.4 The Carrier Material Classified Based on Its Source
	16.5 Polymer-Based Carriers
	16.6 Biochar
	16.7 Disadvantages of Biochar as Carrier
	16.8 Advantages of Carrier-Based Biofertilizer Formulation (Cbbf)
	16.9 Disadvantages of Cbbf
	16.10 Liquid Biofertilizers
	16.11 Wettable Powder Formulations
	16.12 Dormant Aqueous Suspensions
	16.13 Dormant Oil Suspension
	16.14 Various Benefits Over Conventional Carrier-Based Biofertilizers
	16.15 Hydrogel
	16.16 Nano-Formulations
	16.17 Impact of the Applications of Various Microbial Formulations on Agriculture in India
	16.18 Conclusion
	16.19 Future Prospects
	References
Index