NAFLD and NASH: Biomarkers in Detection, Diagnosis and Monitoring

Foreword
Introduction to Biomarkers Development
Contents
Chapter 1: The Spectrum of NAFLD: From the Organ to the System
	Introduction
	NAFLD: Spectrum of Disease
	NAFLD and Cardiovascular Disease
	NAFLD and Kidney Disease
	NAFLD and Liver Tumors
	NAFLD and Extrahepatic Malignancies
	NAFLD and Bone Disease
	NAFLD and Metabolic Disturbances
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2: Detection of NAFLD/NASH in the General Population and in Primary Care Clinics
	Introduction
	The Epidemiology of NAFLD
	The Approach to Diagnosing NAFLD in Primary Care Settings and Risk Stratification
		Step 1: Who Should Be Screened for NAFLD?
		Step 2: Diagnosing NAFLD
			Standard Blood Tests
			Diagnostic Modalities for Steatosis and NASH
		Step 3: Risk Stratification of NAFLD Patients:
			Non-invasive Assessment of Fibrosis
				Laboratory Test-Based Risk Scores
				Generalizability to Primary Care Settings
				Liver Elastography-Based Assessment
	Approach to the Use of Non-invasive Fibrosis Assessment in Patients with NAFLD in Primary Care Settings
	Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 3: Genes and NAFLD/NASH Progression
	Introduction
	NAFLD Is a Heritable Disease
		Genetic Contributions to NAFLD
	Other Genetic Loci Associated with NAFLD Development and Progression
		Insulin Resistance
		Nuclear Receptors
		The Mitochondria and Oxidative Stress
		Innate Immunity, Inflammation and Fibrosis
		Pleiotropy
	Epigenetic Factors and NAFLD
	DNA Methylation and Chromatin Remodelling
	Non-coding RNAs
	Clinical and Translational Implications
	References
Chapter 4: Geometry of Nutrition: Nutrients and NAFLD Progression
	Introduction
	Role of Macronutrients on NAFLD
		Role of Fats
		Role of Carbohydrates
		Role of Proteins
	Role of Micronutrients on NAFLD
		Minerals and NAFLD
		Vitamins and NAFLD
	Foods Groups, Dietary Patterns and NAFLD
		Foods Groups and NAFLD
		Dietary Patterns and NAFLD
	Nutritional Geometry and NAFLD
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 5: Biomarkers in Pediatric NAFLD
	Introduction
		Concepts and Epidemiology
		NAFLD in Children vs. Adults
		Pathogenesis
		Diagnosis Challenge
	Biomarkers
		Biomarkers of Fat Accumulation
		Proinflammatory and Stress Oxidative Biomarkers
		Apoptosis Biomarkers
	Predictive Scores
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Biochemical Biomarkers of NAFLD/NASH
	Introduction
	Detection of NALFD
	Detection of NASH
	Detection and Assessment of Fibrosis
		Demographic and Serum Markers
		Fibrosis Biomarkers
		Combination Strategies
		Detection of NASH with F2–F4
	Assessment of the Prognosis
	Assessment of the Response to Treatments
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Non-invasive Assessment of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Ultrasound and Transient Elastography
	Introduction
	Ultrasound in NAFLD
		Rationale and US Signs of Steatosis
		Accuracy of US for the Detection of Steatosis
		US and US-Based Scores to Predict the Presence of NASH
		US for Liver Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension in NAFLD
		Novel Tools for Steatosis Quantification on US Images
		Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) for Steatosis
		Fibrosis Assessment in NAFLD: Transient Elastography
		Sonoelastographic Methods to Diagnose and Quantify Liver Fibrosis: Point Shear-Wave Elastography (pSWE) and bidimensional Shear-Wave Elastography (2D-SWE)
		Diagnostic Algorithm for the Rationale Use of US and Elastography in NAFLD
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: MR Based-Imaging Biomarkers in NAFLD/NASH
	Introduction
	Magnetic Resonance Elastography
		Overview
		NASH vs. Non NASH
		Staging of Fibrosis in NAFLD
		Monitoring Treatment Response
		Predicting Adverse Clinical Outcomes
	LiverMultiscan™
		Overview
		NASH vs. Non-NASH and Staging of NAFLD Fibrosis
		Monitoring Treatment Response
		Predicting Adverse Clinical Outcomes
	Detection of Metabolic Liver Injury (deMILI) MRI
		Overview
		NASH vs. Non-NASH and Staging of NAFLD Fibrosis
	Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MRI
		Overview
		NASH vs. Non-NASH and Staging of NAFLD Fibrosis
	Diffusion Weighted Imaging
		Overview
		NASH vs. Non-NASH and Staging of NAFLD Fibrosis
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Extracellular Vesicles in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Key Players in Disease Pathogenesis and Promising Biomarker Tools
	Introduction
	NASH Diagnosis and Monitoring: Current Approaches
	Extracellular Vesicles
	Role of Extracellular Vesicles in NAFLD Pathogenesis
	Extracellular Vesicles as Non-invasive Biomarkers for NAFLD
	Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
Chapter 10: From Transcriptomic to Metabolomic in the Development of Biomarkers in NAFLD/NASH
	Introduction
	The ‘-Omic Pathway’ in the Development of Biomarkers in NAFLD/NASH
		Transcriptomics in NAFLD/NASH
		Proteomics in NAFLD/NASH
		Metabolomics in NAFLD/NASH
	A Perspective of Systems Biology in NAFLD/NASH
	A Window into the Future
	References
Chapter 11: HCC in Patients with NAFLD/NASH
	Introduction
	Pathophysiology of NASH-Related HCC
	Biomarkers in NAFLD Progression and HCC
	Early Detection and Screening in NASH-Related HCC
	References
Chapter 12: Psychological Biomarker Profile in NAFLD/NASH with Advanced Fibrosis
	Introduction
	Psychosocial Repercussions of NAFLD
		Quality of Life
		Mental Health
	Variables of Potential Interest in NAFLD
		Coping Strategies
		Social Support
		Self-Efficacy
	NAFLD Treatment: A Multidisciplinary Approach
		Changes in Lifestyle
		Adherence to Therapy
		Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment
	References
Chapter 13: Integrative Proposal for the Use of Biomarkers in Clinical Practice Management of NAFLD/NASH
	Introduction
	NAFLD Diagnosis
	Diagnosis of NASH
	Diagnosis of Fibrotic NAFLD/NASH
	Diagnosis of Cirrhosis
	Use of Diagnostic Tools and Biomarkers to Assess NAFLD in the Clinic
	Conclusions
	References