Myth or Lived Reality: On the (In)Effectiveness of Human Rights

Acknowledgements
Introduction
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Abbreviations
1 The (In)Effectiveness of Human Rights: Mapping Existing Research—An Introduction
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Effectiveness
		1.2.1 The Effectiveness of International Law: Institutions and Processes
		1.2.2 The Effectiveness of Human Rights Monitoring and Implementation at the Domestic Level
		1.2.3 Human Rights at the Individual Level: Individual Experiences and Key Actors
	1.3 Outline of the Book
	References
Part I The Effectiveness of International Law: Institutions and Processes
2 Effectiveness of the ICESCR Complaint Mechanism—An Analysis and Discussion of the Spanish Housing Rights Cases
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Concepts and Theoretical Framework
	2.3 Background of the Spanish Housing Rights Crisis: Evictions and Progressive Realisation of the Right to Adequate Housing
	2.4 The ICESCR Complaints Procedure
	2.5 Overview of Spanish Housing Rights Cases Under the Optional Protocol
	2.6 Analysis of the Nature of the Complaints Submitted
	2.7 Analysis of the Examination of Complaints by the Committee and the (In)Admissibility of Decisions and Views Adopted
		2.7.1 Analysis of Proportionality of the Eviction in the Judicial Proceedings
		2.7.2 Adequate Alternative Housing in Case of Necessity
		2.7.3 Interim Measures and Evictions
		2.7.4 Adequate Notice in Mortgage Enforcement Procedures
	2.8 Reception of the Views in Spain (Impact)
	2.9 What Type of Action Has Been Taken to Follow Up on the Views of the Committee in Spain? (Effectiveness)
		2.9.1 The Executive
		2.9.2 The Judiciary
		2.9.3 The Legislature
	2.10 Conclusion
	References
3 Effective Distance: A Polish Dissident’s Encounter with Amnesty International and Its Western-Born Rules
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Amnesty International: The Movement and Its Rules
		3.2.1 The Individual and His Goals
		3.2.2 A Clash of Worlds
		3.2.3 Not Alone: Beyond the Individual
	3.3 Conclusion
	References
Part II The Effectiveness of Human Rights Monitoring and Implementation at the Domestic Level
4 Does the Right to Education Lead to Better Primary Education Outcomes?
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 The Right to Education Protection Index
		4.2.1 Minimum Core Obligation #1: Education as a Human Right
		4.2.2 Minimum Core Obligation #2: Non-discrimination in Accessing Education
		4.2.3 Minimum Core Obligation #3: Free Education
		4.2.4 Minimum Core Obligation #4: Compulsory Education
		4.2.5 Minimum Core Obligation #5: Free Choice of Education
		4.2.6 Minimum Core Obligation #6: National Education Strategy
		4.2.7 Minimum Core Obligation #7: The Goals of Education
		4.2.8 Construction of the Index
	4.3 Descriptive Results
	4.4 Regression Method and Analysis
		4.4.1 Description of Variables
		4.4.2 Results
	4.5 Discussion
	References
5 Paving the Way for Effective Socio-economic Rights? The Domestic Enforcement of the European Social Charter System in Light of Recent Judicial Practice
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Greece
		5.2.1 The Status of the European Social Charter as an International Human Rights Treaty in the Greek Legal Order
		5.2.2 Contesting Austerity Measures by Means of the 1961 ESC Before Greek First Instance Civil Courts
	5.3 Spain
		5.3.1 The Status of the European Social Charter as an International Human Rights Treaty in the Spanish Legal Order
		5.3.2 Contesting Austerity Measures by Means of the 1961 ESC Before Spanish First and Second Instance Courts
	5.4 Synthesis
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
6 How Human Rights Cross-Pollinate and Take Root: Local Governments and Refugees in Turkey
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Syrian Refugees, Local Governments, and Legal Ambiguity
	6.3 The Effectiveness of Human Rights: From Formalist to Sociological Perspectives
	6.4 Grounded Theory Approach and Methodology
	6.5 Factors Facilitating the Cross-Pollination and Taking Root of Human Rights as a Norm in Local Governance
		6.5.1 Institutional Capacity in Local Governments
		6.5.2 Networks and the Dissemination of the Developing Norm that Local Governments Can/Should Improve Refugee Rights
		6.5.3 Coordination and Cooperation Between Local Governments and Other Actors
		6.5.4 Political Will
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
Part III Human Rights at the Individual Level: Individual Experiences and Key Actors
7 Child Participation as the Holy Grail: Effective and Meaningful Participation in Judicial Proceedings?
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 International Children’s Rights: The Right to Be Heard
	7.3 Critical Analysis of the Right to Be Heard
	7.4 Two Case Studies from The Netherlands: Children in Migration and Children in Youth Care
		7.4.1 Participation of Children in Asylum Procedures
		7.4.2 Participation of Children Involved in Voluntary Youth Care
	7.5 Final Reflections: Participation at the Crossroads
	References
8 Human Rights Localisation and Individual Agency: From ‘Hobby of the Few’ to the Few Behind the Hobby
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Human Rights Effectiveness and the Role of Local Authorities: The Story Thus Far
	8.3 The Missing Piece: Conceptualising the Individual Agency of Human Rights Users
	8.4 Methodology
	8.5 The Individual Agency of Municipal Officials in Improving the Effectiveness of Human Rights
		8.5.1 Individuals’ Background
		8.5.2 Individuals’ Motivations
		8.5.3 Interactions Between Individuals
	8.6 Discussion
	8.7 Conclusion and Future Research
	References
Annex: Report of the NNHRR ‘Toogdag’ 2019