Muslims in the Enlarged Europe: Religion and Society

Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 12
The Past......Page 18
The Muslim Populations of Europe......Page 23
PART ONE: PROCESSES OF THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF ISLAM......Page 30
INTRODUCTION TO PART ONE......Page 32
The Foundations of Belief......Page 34
Muslim Ways of Belonging......Page 37
Changes in Belonging......Page 40
CHAPTER TWO: Modalities of Islamic Instruction......Page 48
The Status of Religious Education in Europe......Page 49
Educational Situation of Children from Muslim Families......Page 51
Religious Socialisation by Families......Page 55
Religious Education Offered within Mosques......Page 58
Religious Education in State Systems......Page 62
Interplay of Language of Origin, Culture, and Religion......Page 66
In the Public Schools......Page 71
Religious Schools for Already Established Religions......Page 77
Recognised and Subsidised Islamic Schools......Page 79
Increased Importance of Other Forms of Instruction......Page 86
Private Islamic Institutes......Page 88
Higher Education in the Public System......Page 93
By Way of Conclusion......Page 104
CHAPTER THREE: Mosques, Organisations and Leadership......Page 108
Establishment of Mosques......Page 109
Internal Organisation of Mosques and Figures of Authority......Page 113
Recent Developments......Page 128
The Global Framework of Islamic Organisational Networks......Page 137
Diversity of Ideological and Religious Currents......Page 140
Observations and Perspectives......Page 173
CHAPTER FOUR: Institutionalisation of Islam and Representative Organisations for Dealing with European States......Page 180
Legislative Regulations of Religion and Beyond......Page 182
National Situations......Page 187
Concluding Remarks......Page 204
The Political Supply and Demand......Page 212
Voting......Page 213
Immigrants, Ethnic Minorities or Muslims?......Page 216
Participation at Local Level......Page 220
Some Considerations on Elected Candidates......Page 223
Other Forms of Political Participation......Page 227
The Political Presence: an Overview......Page 231
On the European Right of Vote: Some Considerations......Page 238
PART TWO: THE STATE AND LEGAL SYSTEMS WITH REGARD TO ISLAM......Page 244
INTRODUCTION TO PART TWO......Page 246
The Traditional Classification of the Systems of State-Church Relations......Page 248
The Insufficiency of Traditional Classification......Page 253
The European Model of the Relations between the State and Religions......Page 255
Problems and Prospects of the European Model of the Relation between States and Religions......Page 266
Islam and the European Model of Relations between the State and Religions......Page 270
Conclusions......Page 281
Introduction: Putting Muslim Family Laws into Practice in European Countries. A Thorny Question......Page 284
The Qualification: Difficulties Involved in Qualification in the Sense of International Law Concerning Private Persons......Page 287
The Connecting Factor: on the Role of Nationality versus Domicile......Page 290
A Thorny Question: the Matrimonial Status of Muslim......Page 305
Conclusion: The Bond of Proximity with the State of Residence. A Viable Criterion?......Page 311
PART THREE: ISLAM AND SOCIETY: PUBLIC SPACE AND INTEGRATION......Page 314
INTRODUCTION TO PART THREE......Page 316
Imaginary and the Perception of the Other......Page 318
Human Mobility and Circulation of Information......Page 319
The Reflection of the Exceptional Case......Page 321
Muslim Press and Media......Page 322
The Production of the Islamic Discourse......Page 344
The Media on Muslims......Page 346
The Attitude of the Media Towards Islam: Islamophobia?......Page 347
The Opinion of the Native Population......Page 351
Reciprocal Feedback between Europe and Islam......Page 354
Conclusions......Page 358
Introduction: The Debate in the Public Space......Page 360
The Rushdie Affair: the Clash on Ideas......Page 363
The Question of the Hijab: A Public Manifestation of Individual Rights......Page 367
Mosques and Cemeteries: Symbolic Places......Page 372
Other Debates on Islam......Page 387
The Debate on Multiculturalism......Page 392
CHAPTER TEN: Relations between Religions......Page 398
The Background Landscape: A Plural Europe......Page 402
Elements of the Relationship with Islam......Page 404
Encounter as Dialogue......Page 409
Encounter as Repositioning and Conflict......Page 412
‘Official’ Dialogue......Page 415
Forms of Dialogue: Bodies, Conferences and Journals......Page 417
Aspects of the ‘Grassroots’ Dialogue: Experiences in the Field......Page 420
The Push from Above: The Role of the European Commission......Page 433
Intra-Muslim Dynamics......Page 435
Some Considerations on Prospects and ‘Hot’ Issues......Page 439
Some Limitations......Page 444
Resources in Religious Communities: Self-financing, Types of Aid, and Influences......Page 446
Presence in the Job Market......Page 449
Ethnic Business and Religion......Page 458
The Special Case of Halal Meat......Page 467
Islamic Banks, Licit Insurance, and Money Transfers......Page 471
Globalisation, Europe and Islam......Page 478
Islam, a European Fact......Page 480
European Public Space and Muslim Countries: Trans-Mediterranean Dynamics......Page 482
The Role of Networks......Page 487
The Presence of Islam and EU Foreign Policy......Page 496
The Case of Turkey......Page 502
The Role of the EU and Euro-Mediterranean Co-operation......Page 508
Enlargement Eastwards......Page 511
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: After September 11th: Radical Islamic Politics and European Islam......Page 518
Analyses of Radical Islamic Politics with Regard to Muslims in Europe before September 11......Page 522
On the Use of Words and their Evolution: How to Describe ‘Political Islam’......Page 524
After September 11: Islam in General and European Muslims......Page 531
From External Causes to Subjective Meaning......Page 545
The Muslim World and the World at Large......Page 546
The Future of European Islam......Page 554
Conclusions......Page 558
Past......Page 560
Present......Page 562
Future......Page 565
Bibliography......Page 572
List of National Experts and Codes for National Files......Page 608
The Authors......Page 610
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