Music: An Appreciation, Brief Edition

Copyright
About The Author
Preface
PART I Elements
	1 Sound: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Color
		Pitch: Highness or Lowness of Sound
		Dynamics
		Tone Color
		Listening Outlines, Vocal Music Guides, and the Properties of Sound
		The Firebird, Scene 2 (1910), by Igor Stravinsky
		Listening Outline
		C-Jam Blues (1942), by Duke Ellington and His Famous Orchestra
		Listening Outline
	2 Performing Media: Voices and Instruments
		Voices
		Musical Instruments
			String Instruments
			Woodwind Instruments
			Brass Instruments
			Percussion Instruments
			Keyboard Instruments
			Electronic Instruments
		The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra, Op. 34 (1946), by Benjamin Britten
		Listening Outline
	3 Rhythm
		Beat
		Meter
		Accent and Syncopation
		Tempo
	4 Music Notation
		Notating Pitch
		Notating Rhythm
		Notating Silence (Rests)
		Notating Meter
		The Score
	5 Melody
		Over the Rainbow (1938), by Harold Arlen
		Melody and Words
		Song Forms
	6 Harmony
		Consonance and Dissonance
		The Triad
		Broken Chords (Arpeggios)
		Prelude in E Minor for Piano, Op. 28, No. 4 (1839), by Frédéric Chopin
		Listening Outline
		Performance Perspectives: Roger Kamien, Pianist, Playing Chopin’s Prelude in E Minor
	7 Key
		The Major Scale
		The Minor Scale
		The Key Signature
		The Chromatic Scale
		Modulation: Change of Key
		Tonic Key
	8 Musical Texture
		Monophonic Texture
		Polyphonic Texture
		Homophonic Texture
		Changes of Texture
		Farandole from L’Arlésienne Suite No. 2 (1879), by Georges Bizet
		Listening Outline
	9 Musical Form
		Techniques That Create Musical Form
			Repetition
			Contrast
			Variation
		Types of Musical Form
			Three-Part (Ternary) Form: A B A
		Dance of the Reed Pipes from Nutcracker Suite (1892), by Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
		Listening Outline
			Two-Part (Binary) Form: A B
		Bourrée from Suite in E Minor for Lute (probably around 1710), by Johann Sebastian Bach
		Listening Outline
		Listening for Form
	10 Musical Style
		Elements: Summary
PART II The Middle Ages and Renaissance
	TIME LINE Middle Ages (450–1450)
	TIME LINE Renaissance (1450–1600)
	The Middle Ages
	The Renaissance
	1 Music in the Middle Ages (450–1450)
		Gregorian Chant
		The Church Modes
			Alleluia: Vidimus stellam (We Have Seen His Star)
		Vocal Music Guide
			O successores (You successors), by Hildegard of Bingen
		Vocal Music Guide
		Secular Music in the Middle Ages
			Estampie (Thirteenth Century)
		The Development of Polyphony: Organum
		School of Notre Dame: Measured Rhythm
		Fourteenth-Century Music: The “New Art” in France
		Guillaume de Machaut
			Puis qu’en oubli sui de vous (Since I am forgotten by you; around 1363)
		Vocal Music Guide
			Notre Dame Mass (Mid-Fourteenth Century)
		Agnus Dei
		Vocal Music Guide
		Performance Perspectives: Paul Hillier Conducting the Agnus Dei from Machaut’s Notre Dame Mass
	2 Music in the Renaissance (1450–1600)
		Characteristics of Renaissance Music
			Words and Music
			Texture
			Rhythm and Melody
		Sacred Music in the Renaissance
		Josquin Desprez and the Renaissance Motet
			Ave Maria . . . virgo serena (Hail Mary . . . serene virgin; c. 1475)
		Vocal Music Guide
		Palestrina and the Renaissance Mass
		Pope Marcellus Mass (1562–1563)
			Kyrie
		Vocal Music Guide
		Secular Music in the Renaissance
		Vocal Music
		As Vesta Was Descending (1601), by Thomas Weelkes
		Vocal Music Guide
		The Renaissance Lute Song
		Flow My Tears (about 1600), by John Dowland (1563–1626)
		Vocal Music Guide
		Instrumental Music
		Passamezzo and Galliard, by Pierre Francisque Caroubel, from Terpsichore (1612), by Michael Praetorius
		Part II Summary
PART III The Baroque Period
	TIME LINE Baroque Period 1600–1750
	The Baroque Style (1600–1750)
	1 Baroque Music (1600–1750)
		Characteristics of Baroque Music
			Unity of Mood
			Rhythm
			Melody
			Dynamics
			Texture
			Chords and the Basso Continuo
			Words and Music
		The Baroque Orchestra
		Baroque Forms
	2 Music in Baroque Society
	3 The Concerto Grosso and Ritornello Form
		Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D Major (about 1721), by Johann Sebastian Bach
			First Movement: Allegro
		Listening Outline
	4 The Fugue
		Organ Fugue in G Minor (Little Fugue; about 1709), by Johann Sebastian Bach
		Listening Outline
	5 The Elements of Opera
	6 Opera in the Baroque Era
	7 Claudio Monteverdi
		Orfeo (Orpheus, 1607)
			Act II: Recitative: Tu se’ morta (You are dead)
		Vocal Music Guide
	8 Henry Purcell
		Ground Bass
		Dido and Aeneas (1689)
			Act III: Dido’s Lament
		Vocal Music Guide
	9 The Baroque Sonata
		Trio Sonata in A Minor, Op. 3, No. 10 (1689), Arcangelo Corelli
		Trio Sonata in A Minor, Op. 3, No. 10 (1689)
	10 Antonio Vivaldi
		La Primavera (Spring), Concerto for Violin and String Orchestra, Op. 8, No. 1, from The Four Seasons (1725)
			First Movement
		Listening Outline
		Second Movement
		Third Movement
		Performance Perspectives: Jeanne Lamon, Violinist, Plays and Conducts Vivaldi’s Spring Concerto
	11 Johann Sebastian Bach
		Bach’s Music
	12 The Baroque Suite
		Suite No. 3 in D Major (1729–1731), by Johann Sebastian Bach
			First Movement
			Second Movement
			Third Movement
			Fourth Movement
			Fifth Movement
	13 The Chorale and Church Cantata
		The Church Cantata
		Cantata No. 140: Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme (Awake, a Voice Is Calling Us; 1731), by Johann Sebastian Bach
			First Movement
		Vocal Music Guide
			Fourth Movement
		Vocal Music Guide
			Seventh Movement
		Vocal Music Guide
	14 The Oratorio
	15 George Frideric Handel
		Handel’s Music
		Messiah (1741)
			Ev’ry Valley Shall Be Exalted, Aria for tenor, strings, and continuo Andante
		Vocal Music Guide
			For unto Us a Child Is Born, Chorus, strings, continuo
			Hallelujah Chorus
		Vocal Music Guide
		Part III Summary
PART IV The Classical Period
	TIME LINE Classical Period 1750–1820
	The Classical Era (1750–1820)
	1 The Classical Style (1750–1820)
		Characteristics of the Classical Style
			Contrast of Mood
			Rhythm
			Texture
			Melody
			Dynamics and the Piano
			The End of the Basso Continuo
		The Classical Orchestra
		Classical Forms
	2 Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
		Vienna
	3 Sonata Form
		Exposition
		Development
		Recapitulation
		Coda
		Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550 (1788), by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
			First Movement
		Listening Outline
	4 Theme and Variations
		Symphony No. 94 in G Major (Surprise; 1791), by Joseph Haydn
			Second Movement
		Listening Outline
	5 Minuet and Trio
		Eine kleine Nachtmusik (A Little Night Music; 1787), K. 525, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
			Third Movement
		Listening Outline
	6 Rondo
		String Quartet in C Minor, Op. 18, No. 4 (1798–1800), by Ludwig van Beethoven
			Fourth Movement
		Listening Outline
	7 The Classical Symphony
	8 The Classical Concerto
	9 Classical Chamber Music
	10 Joseph Haydn
		Haydn’s Music
		Trumpet Concerto in E Flat Major (1796)
			Third Movement
	11 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
		Mozart’s Music
		Don Giovanni (1787)
			Act I: Introduction
		Vocal Music Guide
			Act I: Duet: Là ci darem la mano (There you will give me your hand)
		Vocal Music Guide
		Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550 (1788)
			First Movement
			Second Movement
			Third Movement
			Fourth Movement
		Piano Concerto No. 23 in A Major, K. 488 (1786)
			First Movement
		Listening Outline
		Performance Perspectives: Murray Perahia, Pianist, Playing and Conducting the First Movement of Mozart’s Piano Concerto in A Minor, K. 488
	12 Ludwig van Beethoven
		Beethoven’s Music
		Piano Sonata in C Minor, Op. 13 (Pathétique; 1798)
			First Movement
		Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67 (1808)
			First Movement
		Listening Outline
			Second Movement
		Listening Outline
			Third Movement
			Fourth Movement
		Part IV Summary
PART V The Romantic Period
	TIME LINE Romantic Period (1820–1900)
	Romanticism (1820–1900)
	1 Romanticism in Music (1820–1900)
		Characteristics of Romantic Music
			Individuality of Style
			Expressive Aims and Subjects
			Nationalism and Exoticism
			Program Music
			Expressive Tone Color
			Colorful Harmony
			Expanded Range of Dynamics, Pitch, and Tempo
			Form: Miniature and Monumental
	2 Romantic Composers and Their Public
	3 The Art Song
		The Song Cycle
	4 Franz Schubert
		Schubert’s Music
		Erlkönig (The Erlking; 1815)
		Vocal Music Guide
	5 Robert Schumann
		Schumann’s Music
		Carnaval (Carnival; 1834–1835)
			Estrella
			Reconnaissance (Reunion)
	6 Frédéric Chopin
		Chopin’s Music
		Nocturne in E Flat Major, Op. 9, No. 2 (1830–1831)
		Listening Outline
		Étude in C Minor, Op. 10, No. 12 (Revolutionary; 1831?)
		Listening Outline
		Polonaise in A Flat Major, Op. 53 (1842)
	7 Franz Liszt
		Liszt’s Music
		Transcendental Étude No. 10 in F Minor (1851)
	8 Felix Mendelssohn
		Mendelssohn’s Music
		Concerto for Violin and Orchestra in E Minor, Op. 64 (1844)
			First Movement
		Listening Outline
			Second Movement
			Third Movement
		Performance Perspectives: Hilary Hahn, Violinist, Playing the First Movement of Mendelssohn’s Violin Concerto in E Minor, Op. 64
	9 Program Music
	10 Hector Berlioz
		Berlioz’s Music
		Symphonie fantastique (Fantastic Symphony; 1830)
			Fourth Movement: March to the Scaffold
		Listening Outline
			Fifth Movement: Dream of a Witches’ Sabbath
	11 Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Music
		The Moldau (1874), by Bedřich Smetana
		Listening Outline
	12 Antonin Dvořák
		Symphony No. 9 in E Minor (From the New World; 1893)
			First Movement
		Listening Outline
	13 Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
		Tchaikovsky’s Music
		Romeo and Juliet, Overture-Fantasy (1869)
	14 Johannes Brahms
		Brahms’s Music
		Symphony No. 3 in F Major, Op. 90
			Third Movement
		Listening Outline
	15 Giuseppe Verdi
		Verdi’s Music
		Rigoletto (1851)
			Act III: La donna è mobile
	16 Giacomo Puccini
		La Bohème (1896)
			Act I: Scene between Rodolfo and Mimi
		Vocal Music Guide
		Performance Perspectives: Luciano Pavarotti, Tenor, Singing the Part of Rodolfo in Puccini’s La Bohème
	17 Richard Wagner
		Wagner’s Music
		Die Walküre (The Valkyrie; 1856)
			Act I, Love scene (conclusion)
		Vocal Music Guide
		Part V Summary
PART VI The Twentieth Century and Beyond
	TIME LINE Twentieth Century and Beyond (1900–2013)
	Twentieth-Century Developments
	1 Musical Styles: 1900–1945
		1900–1945: An Age of Musical Diversity
		Characteristics of Twentieth-Century Music
			Tone Color
			Harmony
			Alternatives to the Traditional Tonal System
			Rhythm
			Melody
	2 Music and Musicians in Society since 1900
	3 Impressionism and Symbolism
		French Impressionist Painting
		French Symbolist Poetry
	4 Claude Debussy
		Debussy’s Music
		Prélude à l’Après-midi d’un faune (Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun; 1894)
		Listening Outline
	5 Neoclassicism
	6 Igor Stravinsky
		Stravinsky’s Music
		Le Sacre du printemps (The Rite of Spring; 1913)
			Part I: Introduction
			Part I: Omens of Spring—Dances of the Youths and Maidens
			Part I: Ritual of Abduction
		Listening Outline
			Part II: Sacrificial Dance
	7 Expressionism
	8 Arnold Schoenberg
		Schoenberg’s Music
			Atonality
			The Twelve-Tone System
		Pierrot Lunaire, Op. 21 (Moonstruck Pierrot; 1912)
			Mondestrunken (Moondrunk)
		Vocal Music Guide
		A Survivor from Warsaw, Op. 46 (1947)
		Vocal Music Guide
	9 Alban Berg
		Wozzeck (1917–1922)
			Act III, Scenes 4 and 5
		Vocal Music Guide
	10 Anton Webern
		Webern’s Music
		Five Pieces for Orchestra, Op. 10 (1911–1913)
			Third Piece
		Listening Outline
	11 Béla Bartók
		Bartók’s Music
		Concerto for Orchestra (1943)
			Second Movement: Game of Pairs
		Listening Outline
	12 Music in America
		Colonial America
		Music in Nineteenth-Century America
		Nationalism in American Music
		Music in America after 1900
	13 Amy Beach
		The Year’s at the Spring (1900)
		Vocal Music Guide
	14 Charles Ives
		Ives’s Music
		Putnam’s Camp, Redding, Connecticut (1912), from Three Places in New England (1908?–1914)
	15 George Gershwin
		Rhapsody in Blue (1924)
	16 William Grant Still
		Afro-American Symphony (1931)
			Third movement
		Listening Outline
	17 Aaron Copland
		Appalachian Spring (1943–1944)
			Section 7: Theme and Variations on Simple Gifts
		Listening Outline
	18 Alberto Ginastera
		Estancia Suite, Op. 8a (1941)
			Final Dance: Malambo
		Listening Outline
		Performance Perspectives: Gustavo Dudamel conducting Final Dance: Malambo from Ginastera’s Estancia Suite
	19 Musical Styles since 1945
		Characteristics of Music since 1945
		Increased Use of the Twelve-Tone System
		Extensions of the Twelve-Tone System: Serialism
		Chance Music
		Minimalist Music
		Musical Quotation
		Tonal Music and a Return to Tonality
		Electronic Music
		“Liberation of Sound”
		Mixed Media
		Rhythm and Form
	20 Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces
		Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano (1946–1948), by John Cage
			Sonata II
		Poème électronique (Electronic Poem; 1958), by Edgard Varèse
		Listening Outline
		Concerto Grosso 1985 (To Handel’s Sonata in D Major for Violin and Continuo, First Movement), by Ellen Taaffe Zwilich
			First Movement
		Listening Outline
		Short Ride in a Fast Machine (1986), by John Adams
		Listening Outline
		Lux Aurumque (Light and Gold; 2000 for a cappella chorus), by Eric Whitacre
		Vocal Music Guide
		Performance Perspectives: Eric Whitacre Conducting his Lux Aurumque, performed by the Virtual Choir
	21 Jazz
		Jazz in Society
		Roots of Jazz
		Ragtime
		Blues
		Lost Your Head Blues (1926), by Bessie Smith
		Vocal Music Guide
		Performance Perspectives: Bessie Smith Singing Lost Your Head Blues
		Elements of Jazz
			Tone Color
			Improvisation
			Rhythm, Melody, and Harmony
		Jazz Styles
			New Orleans Style
		Hotter Than That (1927), by Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five
		Listening Outline
		Swing
		Bebop
		KoKo (1945), by Charlie Parker
		Cool Jazz
		Free Jazz
		Jazz Rock (Fusion)
		Miles Runs the Voodoo Down (1969), by Miles Davis
	22 Music for Stage and Screen
		Musical Theater
		Elements of the Musical
		Development of the Musical
		Leonard Bernstein
		West Side Story (1957)
			America
			Tonight Ensemble
		Listening Outline
		Music in Film
		Early Film Music
		Functions and Styles of Film Music
		Creating Film Music
		Music and Image
		Vertigo (1958), Directed by Alfred Hitchock, Music by Bernard Herrmann
			Tower Scene (segment)
	23 Rock
		Development of Rock
		Performance Perspectives: Carlos Santana
		Elements of Rock
			Tone Color
			Rhythm
			Form, Melody, and Harmony
		Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967)
		Part VI Summary
PART VII Nonwestern Music
	The Diversity of Nonwestern Music
	1 Music in Nonwestern Cultures
		Characteristics of Nonwestern Music
			Oral Tradition
			Improvisation
			Voices
			Instruments
			Melody, Texture, and Rhythm
		Interaction between Nonwestern and Western Music
	2 Music in Sub-Saharan Africa
		Music in Society
		Elements of African Music
			Rhythm and Percussion
			Vocal Music
			Texture
		African Instruments
			Idiophones
			Membranophones
			Aerophones and Chordophones
		Ompeh
		Listening Outline
	3 Classical Music of India
		Performers
		Improvisation
		Elements of Indian Classical Music
			Melodic Structure: Raga
			Rhythmic Structure: Tala
		Instruments
		Maru-Bihag, by Ravi Shankar
		Performance Perspectives: Ravi Shankar, Sitarist, Performing Maru-Bihag
		Part VII Summary
Glossary
Acknowledgments
Photo Credits
Index