Murach's C++ Programming

murach's
	TRAINING & REFERENCE
	murach's
	Contents
	Expanded contents
	Introduction
	What this book does
	Why you’ll learn faster and better with this book
	What software you need
	How our downloadable files can help you learn
	Support materials for instructors and trainers
	Please let us know how this book works for you
	Section 1
	Essential skills for modern C++
	An introduction to C++ programming
	An overview of programming and C++
	Four general-purpose programming languages
	Four general-purpose programming languages
	Why it still makes sense to learn C++ today
	What C++ is used for
	Description
	A brief history of C++
	C++ ISO standards
	C++ history
	Description
	A quick look at C++ development
	The user interface for a console application
	Description
	The source code for a console application
	The source code for a console application
	Description
	How source code compiles to an executable file
	How C++ compiles source code into machine language
	Description
	Four popular IDEs and compilers
	Four popular C++ IDEs
	Features provided by most IDEs
	Four popular C++ compilers
	Description
	How to use Visual Studio for Windows development
	How to open a project and work with source code
	Visual Studio with source code displayed in its code editor
	How to open and close a solution
	How to open, edit, and save a source code file
	Description
	How to compile and run a project
	Description
	How to correct a problem with the Windows SDK version
	How to use code completion and error detection
	How to use code completion
	How to use error detection
	How to create a new project
	Visual Studio’s dialog for creating a new project
	Procedure
	A new project in Visual Studio with some starting source code
	How to rename and delete files
	Description
	How to use Xcode
	for macOS development
	How to open a project
	and work with source code
	Xcode with source code displayed in its code editor
	How to open and close a project
	How to open, edit, and save a source code file
	Description
	How to compile and run a project
	Xcode after compiling and running a console application
	Description
	How to use code completion and error detection
	Xcode’s editor with a code completion list
	How to use code completion
	How to use error detection
	How to create a new project
	Xcode’s dialogs for creating a new project
	Procedure
	A new project in Xcode with some starting source code
	Procedure (continued)
	Description
	Perspective
	Before you do the exercises in this book
	Exercise 1-1 Open and run two projects
	Exercise 1-2 Create a new project
	How to write your first programs
	Basic coding skills
	How to code statements
	How to code comments
	A program that consists of statements and comments
	A block comment that could be coded at the start of a program
	Description
	How to code a main() function
	A main() function with no parameters
	A main() function with two parameters int main(int argc, char** argv) <
	A main() function with different brace placement
	Three standard return values for the main() function
	Description
	How to create identifiers
	Valid identifiers
	The rules for naming an identifier
	C++ keywords
	Additional C keywords
	Description
	How to work with numeric variables
	How to define and initialize variables
	How to code assignment statements
	Two built-in data types for working with numbers
	How to define and initialize a variable in two statements
	How to define and initialize a variable in one statement
	An example that uses assignment statements
	Description
	Naming recommendations for variables
	How to code arithmetic expressions
	How to use the console
	for input and output
	How to include header files
	Common header files of the C++ standard library
	URL for a complete list of C++ header files
	A typical way to include header files and make them easily accessible
	Description
	How to write output to the console
	Two objects available from the iostream header
	How to send a message to the console
	How to send text and a number to the console
	Another way to send the same data to the console
	How to send multiple lines to the console
	Another way to send multiple lines to the console
	Description
	How to read input from the console
	Another object that’s available from the iostream header
	How to read one value from the console
	How to read multiple values from the console
	How to chain extraction expressions
	Description
	The Gallons to Liters program
	The console
	The code
	How to work with the standard library
	How to call a function
	Five functions available from the cmath header
	How to call a function
	The sqrt() function
	The pow() function
	The round() function
	The floor() function
	The ceil() function
	Description
	How to work with the std namespace
	A using directive for the std namespace
	Using declarations for three members of the std namespace tinclude  tinclude 
	Fully qualified names
	The console for all three examples
	Description
	The Circle Calculator program
	The console
	How to generate random numbers
	Two functions of the cstdlib header for generating random numbers
	One function of the ctime header
	Description
	How to work with char and string variables
	How to assign values to char and string variables
	The built-in data type for characters
	A class that’s available from the string header
	How to define and initialize a char variable
	How to include the string header file
	How to concatenate strings and chars
	How to append one string to another with the += operator
	Description
	How to work with special characters
	Common escape sequences for special characters
	String examples
	Char examples
	Description
	How to read strings and chars from the console
	The getline() function of the iostream header
	How to use the getline() function to read a full name
	Member functions of the cin object
	How to call a member function of an object Syntax
	Code that pauses until the user presses Enter to continue
	Description
	How to fix a common problem with reading strings
	The data in the cin object after the user enters “1234”
	How to fix the problem
	Description
	The Guest Book program
	The console
	The code
	How to test and debug a program
	How to test a program
	How to debug a program
	The beginning of a file that contains an error
	The error that’s returned by the compiler
	The Circle Calculator program with incorrect output
	Description
	Debugging tips
	Perspective
	Terms
	Summary
	Exercise 2-1 Create a Rectangle Calculator program
	Exercise 2-2 Enhance the Gallons Converter program
	Exercise 2-3 Enhance the Guest Book program
	How to make decisions
	How to get started with if statements
	How to use the relational operators
	Relational operators
	How to test strings and chars for equality
	Two functions that convert a char to lower or upper case
	How to make a test for equality of two chars case insensitive
	Description
	How to code an if statement
	The syntax of the if statement
	An if statement with only an if clause
	With an else clause
	With multiple else if clauses
	Description
	How to work with braces
	An if statement without braces
	An if statement without braces that causes an error
	An if statement that uses braces to fix the error
	An if statement with clauses that contain multiple statements
	Another coding style for brace placement
	Description
	The Invoice 1.0 program
	The console
	The code
	More skills for coding if statements
	How to use the logical operators
	Logical operators
	Order of precedence
	Boolean expressions that use logical operators
	Description
	If statements that use the logical operators
	An if statement that validates the range of a score
	An if statement that validates the customer type
	Description
	How to code nested if statements
	A table that summarizes the discount rules
	Nested if statements for applying customer discounts
	An if statement that gets the same results
	Description
	The Invoice 2.0 program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	Other ways to make decisions
	How to use the conditional operator
	The syntax for a conditional expression
	A conditional expression
	How to use a conditional operator to set the value of a variable
	A statement that uses parentheses to identify the Boolean expression
	An if statement that performs the same task
	Description
	How to code switch statements
	The syntax of the switch statement
	A switch statement that uses an int variable named product_id
	Description
	More examples of switch statements
	A switch statement that falls through case labels
	A switch statement for a menu system
	Description
	A switch statement for the Invoice 2.0 program
	A switch statement for the Invoice application
	Description
	Perspective
	Terms
	Summary
	Exercise 3-1 Enhance the Invoice program
	Exercise 3-2 Enhance the Rectangle Calculator program
	How to code loops
	More skills for coding arithmetic expressions
	How to use arithmetic unary operators
	The arithmetic unary operators
	A typical statement that uses the increment operator
	A typical statement that uses the decrement operator
	How to prefix an increment operator
	How to postfix an increment operator
	How to reverse the value of a number
	How to perform an arithmetic operation on a character
	Description
	How to use the compound assignment operators
	The compound assignment operators
	Code that uses the same variable on both sides
	of the assignment operator
	Code that uses compound assignment operators to get the same results
	Description
	How to work with the order of precedence
	The order of precedence for arithmetic operations
	Code that calculates a discounted price
	Code that calculates the current value of a monthly investment
	Description
	How to code while and do-while loops
	How to code while loops
	The syntax of the while loop
	A while loop that calculates the sum of the numbers 1 through 4
	A while loop that doesn’t use braces
	Description
	More examples of while loops
	A while loop that continues as long as the user enters ‘y’
	A while loop that calculates a future value
	Code that causes an infinite loop
	Description
	How to code do-while loops
	The syntax of the do-while loop
	A do-while loop that calculates the sum of the numbers 1 through 4
	A do-while loop that doesn’t use braces
	A do-while loop that calculates a future value
	A do-while loop that continues as long as the user enters ‘y’
	Description
	The Test Scores program
	The console
	The code
	How to code for loops and nested loops
	How to code for loops
	The syntax of the for loop
	A for loop that calculates the sum of the numbers 1 through 4
	A for loop without braces
	A for loop that adds the numbers 8, 6, 4, and 2
	A for loop that calculates a future value
	Description
	The Future Value program
	The console
	The code
	How to code nested loops
	The console
	Nested loops that print a table of future values
	How to code break and continue statements
	How to code break statements
	How to code continue statements
	A break statement that exits the loop
	A continue statement that jumps to the beginning of a loop
	Description
	The Guess the Number program
	The console
	The code
	Perspective
	Terms
	Summary
	Exercise 4-1 Enhance the Circle Calculator program
	Exercise 4-2 Enhance the Future Value program
	Exercise 4-3 Modify the Guess the Number program
	How to work
	with I/O streams and files
	How to work with input streams
	An introduction to streams and buffers
	A program that reads input from and writes output to the console
	The console
	The input stream for the first entry
	The output stream with the user's entries
	Description
	How unexpected input can cause problems
	The program when a user enters all the data on one line
	The string entered by the user and the extracted values
	What the program does
	The program when a user enters the wrong data types at two prompts
	The two strings entered by the user and the extracted values
	What the program does
	Description
	How to discard data from an input stream
	How to include the header file for the numericjimits class
	How to discard all remaining data in the buffer
	The program updated to clear the buffer after each value is extracted
	The program when a user enters all the data on one line
	The program when a user enters the wrong data types at two prompts
	Description
	How to detect data input errors
	The error bits of a stream object
	The error member functions of a stream object
	Code that uses the cin object to check the state of a stream
	A more concise way to extract a value and check the state of a stream
	Code that uses member functions to check the state of a stream
	Description
	How to handle data input errors
	Code that loops until the user enters a valid number
	The console
	Description
	How to work with output streams
	An introduction to stream manipulators
	How to specify the width of a column
	Common stream manipulators
	How to include the iomanip header file
	How to align columns with tabs
	How to specify the width of a column
	Description
	How to right or left justify columns
	Text data displayed with the default right justification
	How to left-justify the text with the left manipulator
	Data that uses left and right justification
	Description
	How to format floating-point numbers
	How to set the number of significant digits
	How to set the number of decimal places
	Description
	The Invoice 3.0 program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	How to work with file streams
	How to read and write a file
	Three file stream classes
	Two member functions of the file stream classes
	How to include the header file for the file stream classes
	How to write data to a file
	How to read data from a file
	How to define a file stream object and open it in one statement
	How to append data to a file
	How to use the fstream object to work with files
	The syntax for the open() member function of a file stream object
	Common file access flags
	How to use an ofstream object to append data
	How to use a fstream object for input and output
	Description
	How to check for errors when working with files
	The data in the file named info.txt
	A while loop that displays the data in the text file
	How to handle data conversion errors
	Description
	How to read and write delimited data
	Code that defines a filename
	Code that writes tab-delimited data to a file
	Code that reads tab-delimited data from a file
	Description
	The Temperature Manager program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	How to work with string streams
	How to use a string stream to handle unexpected data
	How to include the header file for the string stream classes
	A data file that contains unexpected data
	Description
	The Temperature Analyzer program
	The console
	The temps.txt file
	Description
	The code
	The code (continued)
	Perspective
	Terms
	Summary
	Exercise 5-1 Validate data and create a tab-delimited file
	Display data from a tab-delimited file
	Exercise 5-3 Use a string stream
	How to work with data types, strings, and vectors
	Basic skills for working with data types
	The fundamental data types
	The fundamental data types and their typical sizes and ranges
	Description
	Technical notes
	How to define and initialize variables
	The assignment operator
	Statements that define and initialize variables
	How to define multiple variables in one statement
	How to define and initialize multiple variables in one statement
	How to assign the same value to multiple variables
	How to use the auto keyword to infer the data type based on initial value
	Description
	How to define and initialize constants
	How to define and initialize a constant
	How to use a constant
	Description
	The Light Years Calculator program
	The console
	The code
	More skills for working with data types
	How to work with type conversion
	The C++ rules for type coercion
	The ranking of the data types
	Examples of type coercion
	Another way to perform an explicit conversion (not recommended)
	Description
	How to work with data type sizes and limits
	The sizeof operator Syntax
	The include statement for the numericjimits header file
	Some of the static members of the numericjimits class
	What happens when you exceed an integer type’s minimum or maximum
	Description
	How to fix problems with floating-point data
	How to work with vectors
	How to create a vector and refer to its elements
	How to include the header file for the vector class
	The syntax for defining a vector
	Examples of vector definitions
	The syntax for referring to an element of a vector
	How to use the subscript operator to access the elements in a vector
	Description
	How to initialize and loop through a vector
	The syntax for using an initialization list to define and initialize a vector
	Examples that use an initialization list
	How to use a for loop to display all the elements in a vector object
	How to use a range-based for loop to avoid out of bounds access
	Description
	How to use member functions of a vector
	Some member functions of the vector container
	Statements that use the member functions of a vector
	How to insert and erase elements
	Description
	The Test Scores program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	The Temperature Manager program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	The code (continued)
	How to work with strings
	How to create and loop through a string
	How to include the header file for the string class
	How to define a string
	How to define and initialize a string
	Another way to define and initialize a string
	How to capitalize the first letter of a string string name - "grace"; char letter ■ name[OJ;
	How to compare strings for equality
	How to use a for loop to convert a string to all uppercase letters
	How to use a range-based for loop to create a new string of uppercase letters
	Description
	How to use basic member functions of a string
	Some basic member functions of the string class
	How to remove the last character of a string
	How to make sure a user has entered a string
	How to remove all characters from a string
	Description
	How to search a string
	Some member functions for searching strings
	How to use the find() and rfind() functions
	How to check if a string contains at least one numeric character
	How to get the index of the first character that’s not whitespace
	Description
	How to work with substrings
	A member function for getting part of a string
	How to strip whitespace from the beginning of a string
	How to get the domain part of an email address
	Description
	How to modify a string
	Some member functions for modifying a string
	How to insert a string into another string
	How to delete part of a string
	How to replace all instances of a placeholder
	How to replace all instances of one character with another character
	Description
	How to check characters within a string
	Functions for checking the value of a character
	How to check if a string starts with a lowercase letter
	How to check if a string contains punctuation
	Description
	The Create Account program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	The Word Jumble program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	Perspective
	Terms
	Summary
	Exercise 6-1 Store the values for future value calculations in vectors
	How to code functions
	How to start coding your own functions
	How to define and call a function
	The syntax for defining a function
	A function that doesn’t accept arguments or return data
	A function that accepts an argument but doesn’t return data
	A function that accepts two arguments and returns a double value How to define it
	Description
	The Miles Per Gallon program
	The console
	The code
	Description
	How to declare a function
	The syntax for declaring a function
	Code that declares functions
	Code that declares and defines two functions
	Description
	When and how to use local and global variables
	A function that changes a global variable (not recommended)
	A local variable that shadows a global variable (not recommended)
	A function that uses a global constant (okay)
	Description
	How to plan the functions of a program
	How to use a hierarchy chart
	A hierarchy outline for the same program
	How to build a hierarchy chart
	Guidelines for creating hierarchy charts
	The Convert Temperatures program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	More skills for coding functions
	How to use default values for arguments
	A function definition that has two default values
	How to call the function with default values
	A function declaration that has two default values
	Description
	How to overload a function
	An overloaded to_celsius() function
	Code that calls these functions
	Description
	How to use reference variables as parameters
	How reference parameters work
	How function calls work
	Description
	How to use reference parameters to improve efficiency
	A function that converts a string to lowercase
	Description
	The Temperature Manager program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	The code (continued)
	The code (continued)
	How to work with header files and namespaces
	How to create, implement, and use header files
	The header file named temperature.h
	The implementation file named temperature.cpp
	The main.cpp file that uses these functions
	A header file should not include
	Description
	How to define namespaces
	A header file that declares two functions in a namespace
	A source code file that defines two functions in a namespace
	Code that makes it easy to access all functions in a namespace
	Code that identifies a specific function within a namespace ftinclude  #include "temperature.h"
	Description
	A header for getting input from the console
	The console.h file
	The console.cpp file
	The console.cpp file (continued)
	The Future Value program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	Perspective
	Terms
	Summary
	Exercise 7-1 Add functions to the
	Miles Per Gallon program
	Exercise 7-2 Create a namespace with validation functions
	How to test, debug, and deploy a program
	Basic skills for testing and debugging
	Typical test phases
	The three types of errors
	The Future Value program with a logic error
	The goal of testing
	The goal of debugging
	Three test phases
	The three types of errors that can occur
	Description
	Common C++ errors
	Code that contains syntax errors
	Common syntax errors
	Problems with identifiers
	Problems with values
	A problem with floating-point numbers
	How to plan the test runs
	A simple way to trace code execution
	Code that traces execution by displaying messages on the console
	The data that’s displayed on the console
	Description
	How to use Visual Studio
	to debug a program
	How to set and remove breakpoints
	Visual Studio with a breakpoint
	Description
	How to step through code
	How to inspect variables
	A debugging session with Visual Studio
	Some of the buttons on the Debug toolbar
	Description
	How to inspect the stack trace
	A Visual Studio debugging session with the Call Stack window displayed
	Description
	How to use Xcode to debug a program
	How to set and remove breakpoints
	Xcode with a breakpoint
	Description
	How to step through code
	How to inspect variables
	A debugging session with Xcode
	Some of the buttons on the Debug toolbar
	Description
	How to inspect the stack trace
	An Xcode debugging session with a stack trace displayed
	Description
	How to deploy and run a program
	How to deploy a program
	How to run a deployed program
	Typical folder and filename of the executable file
	How to deploy an executable file
	Two ways to run the executable file
	Code that you can add to keep the console open
	How to use the console to run an executable file on Windows
	How to use the console to run an executable file on macOS or Linux
	Description
	Perspective
	Terms
	Summary
	Exercise 8-1 Test and debug a Test Scores program
	Exercise 8-2 Test and debug the Future Value program
	Section 2
	More skills as you need them
	How to work with structures and enumerations
	Basic skills for working with structures
	How to get started with structures
	How to define a structure data type
	How to define a variable of a structure type
	How to access the members of a structure object
	How to create a vector of structure objects and add a structure object to it vector movies; movies.push_back(movie);
	How to loop through a vector of structure objects
	Description
	How to initialize a structure
	The Movie List 1.0 program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	More skills for working with structures
	How to nest structures
	An Invoice structure that nests two Date structures
	Code that uses these nested structures
	The console
	Description
	How to use structures with functions
	A function that returns a Movie object
	A function that accepts a Movie object but doesn’t update it
	A function that accepts a Movie object and updates it
	Code that uses these functions to work with movie data
	Another way to update a Movie object
	Code that uses this function to update a Movie object
	Description
	How to compare structures for equality
	Three Movie objects for comparison
	What happens if you try to compare structure variables for equality The code
	How to compare the data members of the Movie objects for equality An if statement that displays a message
	Code that sets a Boolean variable
	Description
	How to work with member functions
	How to work with member operators
	A Movie data type with a member function
	Code that calls the member function of a Movie object
	How to declare a member function prototype and define it later
	How to add an operator to a data type
	Code that uses the equality operator with Movie objects
	Description
	The Movie List 2.0 program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	The code (continued)
	The code (continued)
	How to work with enumerations
	Basic skills for working with scoped enumerations
	How to define an enumeration
	How to access an enumerator
	How to create a variable for an enumerator
	How to create and initialize a variable for an enumerator
	A function that accepts an enumeration as an argument
	Code that uses the function
	Description
	More skills for working with scoped enumerations
	An enumeration that uses indexes that start with zero
	Code that converts an integer to its corresponding enumerator
	Code that gets the corresponding integer of an enumerator
	Code that uses relational operators with an enumeration
	How to set the values of the enumerators
	How to work with char enumerators
	Description
	How to work with unscoped enumerations
	An unscoped enumeration
	How to access an enumerator
	How to create and initialize a variable for an enumerator
	A function that accepts an enumeration as an argument
	Code that uses the function
	Problems with unscoped enumerations
	Description
	The Monthly Bonus Calculator program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	Perspective
	Terms
	Summary
	Exercise 9-1 Use a structure with the Create Account program
	Exercise 9-2 Use an enumeration with the Movie List program
	How to work with STL containers and iterators
	An introduction to STL containers and iterators
	A summary of STL containers
	Two types of STL containers
	Five of the sequence containers
	Two container adapters
	Five of the associative containers
	A URL for more documentation about containers
	Description
	A summary of STL iterators
	Two member functions shared by all STL containers
	An interval defined by the iterators returned by begin() and end()
	The six iterator types from lowest to highest
	Some of the operations provided by iterators
	Description
	Basic skills for working with iterators
	The container that’s used by the examples
	Two ways to define an iterator
	How to get iterators that point to the first and third elements
	How to use the ++ operator in a loop to advance an iterator
	How to get an iterator that points to the last element
	How to access the value of the element that an iterator points to
	Description
	Member functions shared by the STL containers
	Some more member functions shared by the STL containers
	Some examples of the member functions
	Description
	How to iterate the data in a container
	The vector that’s used by the examples
	How to use a for loop and subscripting to iterate the data in a container
	How to use a range-based for loop to iterate the data in a container
	How to use iterators to iterate the data in a container
	Description
	More skills for working with vectors
	Member functions shared by the sequence containers
	Some member functions shared by the sequence containers
	Examples
	Description
	Member functions of a vector
	A graphical representation of the contiguous memory of a vector
	Some member functions of the vector container
	One of the operators defined by the vector container
	How to use a list of values to initialize a vector
	How to use iterators to initialize a vector
	Description
	How to set capacity to improve efficiency
	Code that adds ten elements to an empty vector
	How to create an empty vector with space for ten elements
	Description
	The Movie Rankings 1.0 program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	How to work with arrays
	Basic skills for working with arrays
	The header file for the array container
	The syntax for defining an array
	Two examples that define an array
	The number of elements in an array must be known at compile time
	How to use an initialization list
	How to access the elements in an array
	How to loop through all of the values in an array
	Description
	How to pass an array to a function
	The console
	The code
	How to work with lists
	An introduction to lists and forward lists
	A graphical representation of the non-contiguous memory of a list
	A graphical representation of the pointers of a forward list
	The header file for the list and forward list containers
	How to initialize a list and a forward list with a list of values
	How to use the values of a vector to initialize a list
	How to assign the values of a vector to a list
	Description
	Member functions of a list
	Some member functions of the list container
	Examples
	Description
	The Movie Rankings 2.0 program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	How to work with queues and stacks
	How to work with queues
	How to work with stacks
	Some member functions of the queue container adapter
	The header file for the queue container adapter
	An example of working with a queue
	Some member functions of the stack container adapter
	The header file for the stack container adapter
	An example of working with a stack
	How to work with sets
	Member functions of associative containers
	Code examples that work with sets
	Some member functions shared by the associative containers
	The header file for the set and multiset containers
	How to create a set with an initialization list
	How to find and remove a value from a set
	Description
	How to work with maps
	Member functions and operators of a map
	Some member functions of the map container
	One of the operators defined by the map container
	The header file for the map and multimap containers
	How to create a map with an initialization list
	How to display the data in a map
	Description
	How to insert key/value pairs and work with values by key
	The map of strings and ints used by the examples
	How to insert, read, and write values with the subscript operator
	How to insert values with the insert() member function
	How to insert and write values with the insert_or_assign() function
	How you can accidentally insert a key/value pair with the subscript operator
	How to use the find() member function to check whether a key is in the map
	Description
	The Word Counter program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	How to work with nested containers
	How to work with a vector of vectors
	How to work with a map of vectors
	How to work with a vector of vectors
	How to work with a map of vectors
	Description
	Perspective
	Exercise 10-1 Use a list with the Movie List program
	Exercise 10-2 Create a program that uses a map
	Exercise 10-3 Use a multiset and a set
	with the Word Counter program
	How to work with STL algorithms
	An introduction to STL algorithms
	The relationship between containers, iterators, and algorithms
	The STL algorithms work with iterators rather than directly with containers
	Examples that use the same algorithm with five different container types
	Description
	How to call an algorithm
	How to pass a function as an argument
	A URL that lists all of the STL algorithms
	The header file for many of the STL algorithms
	A vector of integers that’s used in the following examples
	An algorithm that accepts two iterators and doesn’t return a value
	An algorithm that accepts two iterators plus a third argument and returns a value
	An algorithm that accepts a smaller range than the sequence in a container
	An algorithm that returns an iterator
	An algorithm that accepts a function as an argument
	Description
	Note
	Basic skills for working with algorithms
	How to use the non-modifying algorithms
	Non-modifying operations
	How to count the number of occurrences of an element
	How to display each element in an interval
	How to find a specific element in an interval
	How to search for a range of elements in an interval
	Description
	Modifying operations
	How to replace a value in an interval with another value
	How to copy the elements of an interval
	How to remove and erase elements from an interval
	How to remove and erase in one statement
	Description
	How to use the numeric algorithms
	Minimum/maximum operations
	A vector of int values used in the following examples
	How to find the minimum value in an interval
	How to find the maximum value in an interval
	How to find the index of the maximum value in an interval
	Numeric operations
	The header file for the numeric algorithms
	How to fill an interval with sequentially increasing values
	How to total all the values in an interval
	How to total all the even-numbered values in an interval
	Sort and binary search operations
	How to sort an interval in ascending order
	How to sort an interval in descending order
	How to sort an interval by length of string
	Description
	The Number Cruncher program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	More skills for working with algorithms
	How to use algorithms with intervals of key/value pairs
	How to display the pairs in a map
	How to total the values in a map
	How to count the pairs in a map that meet a criteria
	Description
	How to use algorithms with nested containers
	How to total the values in all the vectors in the map
	Description
	More skills for passing functions to algorithms
	How to work with function templates
	A function that displays an int value
	The syntax for creating a function template
	A function template that can display multiple data types
	A function template that can display key/value pairs of multiple types template void display(pair p) (
	Three container objects used by the following examples
	Code that calls the function templates directly
	Description
	How to work with function objects
	A function that checks if a pair value is less than 500
	A function object that checks if a pair value is less than a varying amount
	A map of strings and doubles to be used in the following examples
	Code that uses the function object with the count_if() algorithm
	Description
	How to work with lambda expressions
	The syntax of a lambda expression
	The parts of a lambda expression
	How to tell the compiler whether and how to capture variables
	How to code a lambda expression inline
	How to store a lambda expression in a variable for reuse
	How to capture an external variable in a lambda expression
	How to allow varying data types (C++2014 and later)
	Description
	The Uptime Percentage program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	Exercise 11-1 Use algorithms with the Test Scores program
	Exercise 11-2 Use algorithms with the Word Counter program
	Exercise 11-3 Use a function object and a lambda expression with the Test Scores program
	How to work with built-in arrays and C strings
	Basic skills for built-in arrays
	How to create an array and access its elements
	The syntax for creating a built-in array
	Code that creates a built-in array of type int with 7 elements
	The number of elements in an array must be known at compile time
	How to access the elements in an array
	Description
	How to initialize an array
	How to loop through an array
	How to initialize an array
	How to loop through all the elements in an array
	Description
	How to pass an array to a function
	How to code a function with an array as a parameter
	What happens to an array when it’s used in an expression
	Description
	How to compare and copy arrays
	How to check whether two arrays are equal
	How to copy the values of one array to another
	Description
	The Test Scores program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	How to work with C strings
	An introduction to C strings
	How to create a C string
	How to initialize a partially filled C string
	Three ways to initialize an empty C string
	Code that shows the extra element for the null terminator
	Two char arrays that are not C strings
	Description
	How to use C strings with input streams
	The syntax of the getlineO member function of an input stream object
	Code that gets a variable-length C string with possible spaces
	Description
	Some utility functions for working with C strings
	The include statement for the cstring header file
	Some of the functions for working with C strings
	Code that determines the length of a string
	Code that concatenates two strings
	Code that assigns one string to another
	Code that compares two strings for equality
	Description
	How to loop through a C string
	Code that uses the value returned by strlen() to traverse a C string
	Code that checks for the null terminator to traverse a C string
	How to work with a function that accepts a C string
	Description
	The Create Account program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	The code (continued)
	Advanced skills for built-in arrays
	How to search an array
	Description
	How to sort an array
	A function that uses the bubble sort algorithm to sort an array of ints
	A function that uses the selection sort algorithm to sort an array of ints
	Description
	How to use STL algorithms with built-in arrays
	A built-in array of double values
	How to use array decay to get a pointer to the first element
	How to use pointer arithmetic to change the element that's pointed to
	How to use pointer arithmetic to get a pointer to one past the last element
	Two ways to pass the pointers to an STL algorithm
	More examples that use STL algorithms with built-in arrays
	Description
	How to create a two-dimensional array
	Graphical representation of a two-dimensional array
	How to access the elements in a two-dimensional array
	How to initialize a two-dimensional array
	How to process a two-dimensional array with a nested for loop
	A two-dimensional array of C strings
	Description
	The console
	Description
	The Top Five program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	Note
	Perspective
	Terms
	Summary
	Exercise 12-1 Use an array with a Product Sales program
	Exercise 12-2 Use C strings with the Word Jumble program
	Exercise 12-3 Use a two-dimensional array with the Test Scores program
	How to work with exceptions
	How to get started with exceptions
	A function that doesn’t use exceptions
	Calling code that displays an invalid result
	Calling code that uses the return value to check for an error
	Description
	How to throw an exception
	The hierarchy of predefined exception classes
	The syntax for creating an exception object
	The syntax of the throw statement
	A function that throws a predefined exception
	Calling code that passes an invalid argument
	Description
	How to catch an exception
	The syntax for a try/catch statement that catches an exception
	The what() function that’s available from all exception objects
	How to handle an invalid_argument exception
	A catch clause that handles all predefined exceptions
	Description
	A program that catches exceptions
	The console
	The code
	A program that prevents exceptions from being thrown
	The console
	The code
	More skills for working with exceptions
	How to catch multiple exceptions
	The syntax for a try statement with multiple catch clauses
	Code that throws different types of predefined exception objects
	Code that handles multiple predefined exceptions
	Description
	How to rethrow an exception
	The syntax for rethrowing an exception
	A function that throws an exception
	A function that rethrows an exception
	Description
	The Temperature Manager program
	The console for no exceptions
	The console if load_temps() throws an exception
	The code for the main() function
	How to work with custom exceptions
	Code that throws a string object
	Code that defines a custom exception object
	Code that creates a custom exception object and throws it
	The syntax for a catch clause that catches all exceptions
	Code that handles multiple custom exceptions
	Description
	How exception handling works
	The call stack after four functions have been called
	Description
	Perspective
	Terms
	Summary
	Exercise 13-1 Add exception handling to the Convert Temperatures program
	Exercise 13-2 Add a custom exception to the Word Counter program
	Section 3
	Object-oriented programming
	How to define classes
	An introduction to object-oriented programming
	A Movie structure that doesn’t provide encapsulation
	Code that creates an object from the Movie structure and uses it
	Description
	A Movie class that provides encapsulation
	A Movie class
	Code that creates an object from the Movie class and uses it
	Description
	How to define private data members
	The syntax for defining private and public members
	A class that places all private members before public members
	A class that places all public members before private members class Movie ( public:	// public members
	Description
	How to define getter and setter functions
	A setter function
	A setter function that validates data
	A getter function that returns an int value
	Code that calls these functions
	Description
	The Movie List 1.0 program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	More skills for coding member functions
	How to work with private member functions
	The declarations for three more functions for the Movie class
	A private function that converts a string to uppercase
	A public function that returns the title in uppercase
	Code that calls the public functions
	Description
	How to convert between numbers and strings
	Three functions for converting between numbers and strings
	The declarations for more functions for the Movie class
	A set_year() function that accepts an int value
	An overload of the set_year() function that accepts a string
	Code that calls the three public functions
	Description
	A default constructor (zero parameters)
	Another way to code a default constructor (zero required parameters)
	Three ways to call the default constructor (no arguments)
	Examples that pass arguments to a constructor
	An example that creates an object and stores it in a vector
	Description
	How to define destructors
	A destructor
	An example of a class with a destructor
	Description
	How to store a class in header and source files
	The header and source files for a Movie class
	The Movie.h file
	The Movie.cpp file
	The Movie.cpp file (continued)
	Description
	When and how to use inline functions
	A Movie.h file that uses inline function definitions
	Pros of inline functions
	Cons of inline functions
	Description
	The Movie List 2.0 program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	The code (continued)
	The code (continued)
	How to work with UML diagrams
	An introduction to UML diagrams
	A UML diagram for the Movie class from figure 14-10
	A UML diagram for the Product class from figure 14-15
	Description
	UML diagrams with data types
	A UML diagram for the Movie class from figure 14-10
	A UML diagram for the Product class from figure 14-15
	Description
	A Product class that implements a UML diagram
	The Product.h file
	The Product.cpp file
	The Product Viewer program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	How to work with object composition
	A Die class
	A UML diagram for a Die class
	The Die.h file
	The Die.cpp file
	A Dice class
	A UML diagram for two classes that use composition
	The Dice.h file
	The Dice.cpp file
	Description
	The Dice Roller program
	The console
	The code
	The Pig Dice game
	The console
	The code
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	The code (continued)
	Perspective
	Terms
	Summary
	Exercise 14-1 Enhance the Dice Roller program
	Exercise 14-2 Create an object-oriented Convert Temperatures program
	Exercise 14-3 Create an object-oriented Circle Calculator program
	How to work with inheritance
	How to get started with inheritance
	How inheritance works
	A UML diagram for three classes that use inheritance
	Description
	UML diagramming note
	How to define a superclass
	Access modifiers
	The Product.h file for the Product superclass
	When coding a superclass...
	How to define a subclass
	The syntax for working with subclasses
	The Book.h file for the Book subclass
	Another way to code the get_description() function
	When coding a subclass...
	How to define another subclass
	The Movie.h file for the Movie subclass
	Note
	How polymorphism works
	Three definitions of the get_description() function In the Product superclass
	A function that calls the virtual function
	Code that passes three different object types to the function
	Description
	The Product Viewer program
	The console
	The code
	More skills for working with inheritance
	How to define an abstract class
	A pure virtual function in the Product.h file class Product { protected:
	Two subclasses that override the pure virtual function In the Book subclass
	Description
	How to control overriding
	Two functions that explicitly override another function
	A function that can’t be overridden
	A function that explicitly overrides and can’t be overridden In the Book subclass
	Description
	How to work with multiple inheritance
	How multiple inheritance works
	The DayReader superclass
	The DayWriter superclass
	A UML diagram for a class that uses multiple inheritance
	Description
	The DayReader superclass
	The DayWriter superclass
	The DaylO subclass
	Code that uses the DaylO subclass
	The DaylO subclass
	Code that uses the DaylO subclass
	When to use inheritance
	How to use inheritance with custom exceptions
	The hierarchy for some common exceptions
	A DaylOError.h file that defines a class for a custom exception
	Code that throws the custom exception
	Code that catches a custom exception
	Description
	Guidelines for using inheritance
	It makes sense to use inheritance when...
	A Dice class that inherits the vector class (not recommended) The Dice.h file
	Code that uses this Dice class
	A few problems with this approach
	Description
	Perspective
	Terms
	Summary
	Exercise 15-1 Enhance the Product Viewer program
	Exercise 15-2 Work with abstract classes
	and control overriding
	More skills for object- oriented programming
	How to work with static members
	How to code static data members and functions
	The Product class with a static data member and a static function
	Code in the Product.cpp file that works with the static data member
	Description
	How to access static data members and functions
	How to access a static data member from a class
	How to access a static data member from an object
	How to call a static member function from a class
	How to call a static member function from an object
	Description
	The Console class
	A Console class that provides static functions
	Code that uses the Console class
	Code that calls static functions directly from the Console class
	Code that calls static functions from a Console object
	The console for both examples
	Description
	How to work with a friend function
	The FuelTank class
	A FuelTank class
	Code that uses the FuelTank class
	Description
	A friend function that works with two classes
	The header file for a FuelCan class that declares a friend function
	The header file for a FuelTank class that declares a friend function
	The implementation for the friend function
	Code that uses the friend function
	Description
	How to overload operators
	How to overload arithmetic binary operators
	The addition operator for the FuelTank class
	Code that uses the addition operator
	The subtraction operator for the FuelTank class
	Code that uses the subtraction operator
	Description
	How to overload arithmetic unary operators
	The prefix increment operator for the FuelTank class
	Code that uses the prefix increment operator
	The postfix increment operator for the FuelTank class
	Code that uses the postfix increment operator
	Description
	How to overload relational operators
	The less than operator for the FuelTank class
	The greater than operator for the FuelTank class
	The equality operator for the FuelTank class
	Code that uses the relational operators
	Description
	How to overload the insertion and extraction operators
	The insertion operator for the FuelTank class
	The extraction operator for the FuelTank class
	Code that uses the insertion and extraction operators
	Description
	Perspective
	Terms
	Summary
	Exercise 16-1 Enhance the Future Value program
	Exercise 16-2 Add operators to a Circle object
	Section 4
	Skills for legacy and generic programming
	How to work with memory and pointers
	An introduction to memory and pointers
	How physical memory works
	A graphical representation of the sequence of bytes in physical memory I I I I I I I I I I I I I I □
	How to allocate memory by defining two variables
	How to allocate memory by defining an array variable
	How to use the address of operator to get the memory address of an object
	Description
	How to define and use pointers
	Code that defines an int variable and a pointer to that int object
	A graphical representation of the relationship between these two variables
	How to display the value stored by the pointer
	How to use the indirection operator to work with a pointer
	How to use the member access operator to call a function
	Description
	More skills for defining and using pointers
	The three syntaxes for defining a pointer
	Three variables used in this figure
	Three places to code the asterisk when defining a pointer
	How to define multiple pointers on one line
	Three ways to define a null pointer
	How to change the object a pointer points to
	An error that can occur when changing the object a pointer points to
	Description
	How pointer variables compare
	to reference variables
	How pointer variables compare to reference variables
	Define and initialize a regular, reference, and pointer variable
	Display the underlying value of each variable
	Display the memory address of each variable
	Description
	How to use pointers with functions
	How and when to pass pointers to functions
	The square() function with a pointer parameter
	The square() function with a reference parameter
	The display_array() function with a pointer parameter for a built-in array
	When to use a pointer parameter rather than a reference parameter
	Description
	How to use the this pointer in a member function
	A Calculator class whose member functions use the this pointer and return self-references
	Code that uses the Calculator class
	Code that uses the Calculator class with function chaining
	Description
	The Step Counter 1.0 program
	The console
	The code
	The Step Counter 2.0 program
	The console
	The code
	How to use pointers to work with dynamic memory
	An overview of the types of storage
	Types of storage set aside for a program when it starts
	Automatic storage (stack)
	Free store (heap)
	Description
	How to use the new keyword to allocate free store memory
	How to use the delete keyword to deallocate free store memory
	A function that could lead to a memory leak
	A function that could lead to heap corruption
	Description
	How to avoid memory leaks and corruption
	How to use RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Instantiation)
	A MyContainer class that uses RAII
	Code that uses the MyContainer class
	The console
	Description
	How to implement the Rule of Three with RAII
	The member functions required by the Rule of Three
	The MyContainer class updated to implement the Rule of Three class MyContainer { private:
	Description
	How to implement the Rule of Five with RAII
	The additional member functions required by the Rule of Five
	The MyContainer class updated to implement the Rule of Five
	Description
	How to work with smart pointers
	How to include the memory header file
	Three smart pointers in the memory header (C++11 and later)
	How to use the make_unique() function (C++14 and later)
	Code that uses the create_array() function
	Description
	The Sensor Analysis program
	The console
	The HeapArray.h file
	The HeapArray.cpp file
	The main.cpp file
	More skills for working with pointers
	How to compare pointers
	How to use pointer arithmetic
	How to work with void pointers
	How to compare pointers
	How to use pointer arithmetic in an array
	How to define a void pointer and point to different types
	How to cast a void pointer to a pointer to a type
	Description
	How to use pointers with inheritance
	The Product hierarchy
	How to use a superclass pointer to store addresses of subclass objects
	How to code a function that accepts a superclass pointer
	How to create a vector of superclass pointers
	Description
	How complex compound types work
	How to define a pointer to a pointer
	How to dereference a pointer to a pointer
	How to code a reference to a pointer
	How to use the const keyword with pointers
	Examples that use the const keyword with pointers
	Examples that use compound types
	Description
	Perspective
	Terms
	Summary
	Exercise 17-1 Use pointers with built-in arrays
	Exercise 17-2 Implement the Rule of Three
	How to work with templates
	How to work with function templates
	An overloaded function
	A function that’s overloaded for two data types
	Code that calls these functions
	Description
	A function template
	A function template
	Code that calls this function template
	The function that’s generated by the first call to the template
	Description
	How to code a function template with one type parameter
	A function that accepts an int value
	The syntax for a template prefix with a single type parameter
	Another way to code the same function template
	A declaration for the first function template
	How to use type deduction when you call a function template
	How to explicitly specify the type when you call a function template
	Description
	How to code a function template with multiple type parameters
	Code that calls the function
	The syntax for a template prefix with multiple type parameters
	The same function after it has been converted to a function template template void display(K key, V value) {
	How to use type deduction when you call a function template display("mary", 217); display(1, "Hammer");
	How to explicitly specify type when you call a function template
	Description
	How to work with class templates
	How to code a simple class template
	How to code a more complex class template
	The header file for the HeapArray class template
	Description
	How to use a complex class template
	Code that uses the HeapArray class template
	The console
	Description
	How to code a function template that works with a class template
	A function template that works with a class template
	The console
	Description
	The Sensor Analysis program
	The console
	The code
	Perspective
	Terms
	Summary
	Exercise 18-1 Create a function template
	Exercise 18-2 Add a function to the HeapArray class template
	Exercise 18-3 Use a class template with a function template
	How to code custom containers, iterators, and algorithms
	How to code a custom container
	How to work with member types
	Some of the member types provided by the STL containers
	The size types for two STL containers
	How to create an alias with the typedef keyword (prior to C++11)
	How to create an alias with the using keyword (C++11 and later)
	Code that creates a MyContainer class with a size_type type class MyContainer { public:
	Code that uses the MyContainer::size_type member type
	Description
	The MyVector class declaration
	The MyVector class declaration
	The constructor and destructor definitions
	The constructor and destructor definitions
	The assignment operator definitions
	The assignment operator definitions
	The member function definitions
	The Task Manager 1.0 program
	The console
	The code
	Description
	How to code a custom iterator
	How to work with iterator traits
	The five iterator traits needed for an iterator class to be STL compliant
	The iterator category tags
	How to inherit from std::iterator (deprecated in C++17)
	Description
	The Link structure
	The Link structure
	Description
	The Mylterator class
	The Mylterator class
	The MyList class declaration
	The MyList class declaration
	Description
	The member function definitions
	The member function definitions
	The member function definitions (continued)
	The Task Manager 2.0 program
	The console
	The code
	Description
	How to code a custom algorithm
	The find midpoint() algorithm
	The find_midpoint() algorithm
	Code that uses this algorithm with an STL vector
	Description
	The Number Cruncher program
	The console
	The code
	The code (continued)
	Description
	Terms
	Summary
	Exercise 19-1 Test the MyVector class
	Exercise 19-2 Test the MyList class
	Exercise 19-3 Create a new custom algorithm
	Appendix A
	How to set up Windows for this book
	How to install the Visual Studio IDE
	The main page for installing Visual Studio Community
	The download page for Visual Studio Community
	How to install the Visual Studio IDE
	Description
	How to install the source code for this book
	The Murach website
	The folder that contains the Visual Studio projects
	The subfolders
	How to download and install the files for this book
	How to use a zip file instead of a self-extracting zip file
	Appendix B
	How to set up macOS for this book
	How to install the Xcode IDE
	The download page for Xcode
	How to install the Xcode IDE
	Description
	How to install the source code for this book
	The Murach website
	The directory that contains the Xcode projects
	The subdirectories
	How to download and install the files for this book
	A note about right-clicking
	A note about warnings
	How the source code makes it easier for Xcode projects to store data in files
	The source code directory for an Xcode project
	The working directory for the project
	The directory that contains the files for most programs in this book
	The subdirectories
	Code that has been added to the Xcode source code
	Description
	Index
	A
	B
	c
	D
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	o
	P
	Q
	R
	s
	T
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	V
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