Municipal Wastewater in Agriculture

Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 10
PREFACE......Page 14
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 16
II. FEASIBILITY OF REUSE......Page 17
III. THE ADMINISTRATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN MEXICO......Page 18
IV. THE ADMINISTRATION OF RENOVATED WASTEWATER AS A RESOURCE......Page 20
V. A GOVERNMENT PROGRAM FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF REUSE......Page 22
VI. PUBLIC HEALTH PROTECTION......Page 24
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 28
II. REUSE POTENTIAL AND STATUS......Page 29
IV. FEDERAL AND STATE ROLES......Page 30
V. THE OFFICE OF WATER RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM......Page 33
LITERATURE CITED......Page 39
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 42
II. Advantages of Wastewater Reuse and Problems Involved in its Implementation......Page 44
III. The Scope for Wastewater Exploitation......Page 49
IV. ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE PLANNING OF WASTEWATER REUSE ON A LARGE SCALE (Mora, 1978)......Page 53
LITERATURE CITED......Page 55
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 58
II. WATER REUSE NEEDS......Page 59
III. WATER REUSE POLICY......Page 64
IV. REUSE APPLICATIONS AND MARKETING TOOLS......Page 67
V. WORLDWIDE RECLAMATION EFFORTS......Page 70
VI. EXPERIENCES IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 85
VII. RESEARCH NEEDS......Page 88
II. PRESENT SITUATION......Page 90
III. STRATEGIES AND PROMOTION OF REUSE......Page 93
IV. LECHERIA PLANT......Page 94
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 102
II. WATER REUSE NEEDS......Page 103
III. WATER REUSE POLICY......Page 105
IV. EVALUATION OF POTABLE WATER REUSE: PROCESS AND DESIGN......Page 106
V. TREATMENT PROCESSES AT THE DEMONSTRATION PLANT......Page 107
VI. EVALUATING POTABLE WATER QUALITY......Page 110
VII. HEALTH EFFECTS STUDIES......Page 111
VIII. COST, CONSTRUCTION, AND OPERATION......Page 112
LITERATURE CITED......Page 118
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 120
II. THE PROBLEM......Page 121
III. FORECAST......Page 137
IV. HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLES......Page 147
V. STRUCTURE OF THE PROGRAM TO TREAT AND REUSE WATER......Page 148
VI. IMPLEMENTATION OF SYSTEMS......Page 150
VII. PROGRAMS......Page 153
VIII. COORDINATION WITH OTHER PLANS......Page 157
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 160
II. THE PILOT DEMONSTRATION PLANT......Page 161
III. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 171
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 178
II. WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY LAND APPLICATION......Page 182
III. REVIEW OF THE PRESENT SITUATION......Page 185
IV. SIZE OF THE LAND APPLICATION TREATMENT SYSTEM......Page 204
V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 206
LITERATURE CITED......Page 207
II. AGRONOMIC ASPECTS......Page 210
III. PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS......Page 214
IV. WASTEWATER RENOVATION BY GROUNDWATER RECHARGE......Page 216
V. THE FLUSHING MEADOWS PROJECT......Page 220
VI. AQUIFER PROTECTION......Page 223
VII. THE TWENTY-THIRD AVENUE PROJECT......Page 224
VIII. USE OF PRIMARY EFFLUENT FOR INFILTRATION......Page 226
X. SUMMARY......Page 227
LITERATURE CITED......Page 228
I. THE VALLEY OF MEXICO AND THE MEZQUITAL REGION, HIDALGO, AS A SINGLE HYDROLOGICAL UNIT......Page 232
II. THE NEED, POSSIBILITIES, AND ADVANTAGES OF AGRICULTURAL REUSE OF WASTEWATER......Page 236
III. CURRENT REUSE OF WASTEWATER IN THE VALLEY OF MEXICO AND IN THE MEZQUITAL REGION, HGO......Page 238
IV. FUTURE PLANS FOR THE REUSE OF WASTEWATER......Page 241
V. STUDIES OF AGRICULTURAL REUSE OF WASTEWATER CARRIED OUT IN THE VALLEY OF MEXICO AND THE MEZQUITAL REGION, HGO......Page 242
VI. REUSE SCHEME - THE USE OF WASTEWATER TO EXTEND AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION IN THE VALLEY OF MEXICO AND MEZQUITAL REGION, HGO, AND IN THE WATER PLAN FOR THE CENTRAL ZONE......Page 248
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 264
II. DESCRIPTION OF THE FACILITY......Page 265
III. OPERATIONAL HISTORY......Page 268
IV. RESEARCH RESULTS - LAKES......Page 269
V. RESEARCH RESULTS - LAND......Page 271
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OPERATION......Page 281
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 286
II. BACTERIA......Page 288
III. PROTOZOA......Page 327
IV. HELMINTHS......Page 335
V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 342
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 358
III. MATERIAL AND METHOD......Page 359
IV. RESULTS......Page 361
V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 364
LITERATURE CITED......Page 365
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 366
II. TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER......Page 367
III. IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR TRACE METALS......Page 371
IV. EFFECTS OF WASTEWATER IRRIGATION ON SOIL AND PLANT-TRACE METALS......Page 379
V. TRACE METALS ADDED TO SOILS BY THE USE OF THE WASTEWATER IN IRRIGATION......Page 383
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 388
II. PRESENT PRACTICES IN LAND DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER......Page 389
III. SOME ASPECTS RELATED TO LAND TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL......Page 390
IV. CONCLUSIONS......Page 400
LITERATURE CITED......Page 401
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 404
II. SLOW RATE APPLICATION SYSTEMS......Page 409
III. OVERLAND FLOW......Page 428
IV. RAPID INFILTRATION......Page 435
LITERATURE CITED......Page 440
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 442
II. SIMULATION MODEL......Page 443
III. LAND TREATMENT COST ESTIMATES......Page 445
IV. CONVENTIONAL ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT......Page 454
V. COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL AWT WITH LAND APPLICATION COSTS......Page 456
VI. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS......Page 457
VII. IMPLICATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL RESEARCH......Page 464
VIII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 465
LITERATURE CITED......Page 466
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 468
II. WATER RESOURCES OF THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES, THE NEW MEXICO EXAMPLE......Page 469
III. WATER USE......Page 470
IV. LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS OF WATER USE......Page 472
V. SUMMARY OF NEW MEXICO WATER PROBLEMS......Page 474
VI. RESEARCH NEEDS......Page 475
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 478
II. THE PRESENT SITUATION IN MEXICO......Page 479
IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER......Page 484
V. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA OF WASTEWATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION......Page 487
VII. RESEARCH NEEDS......Page 489
LITERATURE CITED......Page 491
INDEX......Page 492