Municipal Finances and the Adoption of Participatory Budgeting in Germany: An Empirical Analysis of Adoption Patterns from an Economic Perspective

Acknowledgement
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
2 Municipal Finances in Germany
	2.1 The Federal System of Germany
		2.1.1 Fiscal Federalism in Germany
		2.1.2 Intergovernmental Financial Relations
	2.2 Municipal Finances
		2.2.1 Legal Basis of Municipalities in the Federal System of Germany
		2.2.2 Municipal Finances—Tasks and Expenditure
		2.2.3 Municipal Finances—Revenues
		2.2.4 Income from Debt
	2.3 The Municipal Budget—Principles and Procedure
		2.3.1 Budgetary Principles in Germany
		2.3.2 Legal Bases, Structure of the Budget and Budget Cycle
	2.4 Chapter Summary
3 Participatory Budgeting—Origins, Diffusion and Research Findings
	3.1 Definition, Origins and Global diffusion of PB
		3.1.1 Definition
		3.1.2 Origins and Global Diffusion
		3.1.3 Typology of PB processes
	3.2 PB in Germany
		3.2.1 The Background of PB in Germany
		3.2.2 Diffusion of PB Processes in Germany
		3.2.3 A German Peculiarity: Saving Budgets
	3.3 Literature review of PB
		3.3.1 Adoption and Diffusion of PB—Research Findings
		3.3.2 Goals, Process Design and Outcomes of PB—International Research Findings
		3.3.3 Effects and Process Design of PB in Germany
		3.3.4 Critical Review of PB Processes
	3.4 Chapter Summary
4 Theoretical Framework and Hypotheses—Examination of Factors Explaining PB Adoption and Diffusion
	4.1 Explanatory Factors Based on Public Administration Research
	4.2 Explanatory Factors Based on Fiscal Federalism Theories
	4.3 Explanatory Factors Based on Public Choice Theory
	4.4 Explanatory Factors Based on Diffusion Theory of Innovation
	4.5 Research Hypotheses Regarding PB Adoption in Germany
	4.6 Chapter Summary
5 Empirical Analysis
	5.1 Variables and Data
	5.2 Differences Between Municipalities with and Without PB
		5.2.1 Cluster Analysis
		5.2.2 Mean value comparisons
	5.3 Factors Affecting Adoption of PB Processes
		5.3.1 Methodology: Population-Averaged Logistic Regression Analysis
		5.3.2 Presentation of Regression Results Regarding PB Adoption
		5.3.3 Diagnostics
		5.3.4 Robustness Test
	5.4 Factors Influencing Different Phases of PB Adoption
		5.4.1 Results of an Ordered Logistic Regression Analysis
		5.4.2 Diagnostics
	5.5 Chapter Summary
6 Conclusion and Outlook
	6.1 Outlook & Limitations
List of Primary Sources
Bibliography