Multiplicity of Time Scales in Complex Systems: Challenges for Sciences and Communication I (Mathematics Online First Collections)

Foreword
Preface
Index Gratiarum - Thanks to Scientific and Editorial Advisers
Contents of Volume I
Contents of Volume II
Part I: Geosphere: Climate, Cosmology, Matter
	Multiplicity of Time Scales in Climate and the Earth System
		1 Introduction
		2 Decomposing the Earth System
			2.1 The Fast Part of the Earth System
				2.1.1 Fast Climate and Earth System Phenomena
			2.2 The Complete Earth System
				2.2.1 Long-Term Internal Phenomena in the Complete Earth System
		3 Thoughts on Present-Day Vertical Global Mean Energy Flows
		4 Climate Drivers, Radiative Forcing, Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity
			4.1 Natural Drivers of Variations in the Earth System
			4.2 Definitions of Radiative Forcing
			4.3 Anthropogenic Radiative Forcing of Climate
			4.4 Feedbacks in the Climate System
			4.5 Climate Sensitivity
			4.6 Sensitivity and Individual Feedbacks in Global Models
		5 Modeling the Phenomena Including Anthropogenic Climate Change
			5.1 Similarity Between Earth System, Climate Models, and Numerical Weather Prediction Models
			5.2 Components in Climate Models
			5.3 The Fundamental Physical Laws for the Atmospheric Model Component
			5.4 Numerical Simulation of the Atmospheric Model Component
			5.5 Historical Evolution of NWP and Climate Models
		6 Chaos and Predictability
		7 Validation of Climate Models
			7.1 Atmospheric Temperature Near the Surface
			7.2 Precipitation
			7.3 Paleoclimatic Validation
			7.4 Biases in the Magnitude of Annual Variations
		8 Conclusions
		9 Acronyms
		References
	Climate Dynamics: The Dichotomy of Stochastic Concepts and Deterministic Modeling
		1 Introduction
		2 Two Examples
			2.1 Bottles Drifting in the Baltic Sea
			2.2 Intermittent Divergence in a Regional Atmospheric Model
		3 Why Resorting to a Stochastic Description When the Dynamics Are Deterministic?
		4 Dealing with Stochastic Behavior
			4.1 Generating Ensembles
			4.2 Stochastic Analysis
		5 Conclusions
		References
		Further Reading
	The Climate System with Human Actors - A Time Scale Perspective
		1 Introduction
		2 Bridging the Formation of IPCC to Decision-Making
		3 The Role of Climate Models
			3.1 Short-Term Climate Variability
			3.2 Model Validation and Climate Model Emulators
			3.3 Mitigation Options Under Scenarios and the Role of 2030 and 2050 Goals
		4 Concluding Statements Regarding the Relevance of Time Scales
		References
	The Impact of Public Perception of Timescales in the Climate System on Mitigation Policies
		1 Introduction
		2 Climate Metrics
		3 Discussion: Effect of Changing Metrics Under Fixed Targets
			3.1 Public Awareness of Climate Change
		4 Summary
		References
	Galaxy Formation from a Timescale Perspective
		1 Introduction
		2 Galaxy Formation and Evolution
			2.1 The Luminosity Function
			2.2 The Halo Mass Function
			2.3 Gas Cooling in Dark Matter Halos
			2.4 The Overcooling Problem
			2.5 Photoionization
			2.6 Galaxy Merging
			2.7 Feedback
			2.8 Cold Accretion
			2.9 From Halo Mass to Stellar Mass
		3 The First Galaxies
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Multiple Time Scales in Amorphous Materials
		1 Introduction
		2 Viscoelasticity and Spectroscopic Methods
		3 What Do We Learn?
			3.1 Spectral Shapes
			3.2 Temperature Dependence of the Relaxation Time
		4 Concluding Remarks and Outlook
		References
Part II: Biosphere: Evolution, Physiology, Ecology
	Multiplicity of Time Scales in the Biological Evolution
		1 Introduction
		2 Correlations Between Reactions in Biological Systems and the Biological Evolution
			2.1 The Evolution of Gene Structures and the Appearance of the First Animals
			2.2 Precursor for the Cell Polarity and the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals
			2.3 Early Embryonic Pattern Formation in Drosophila
			2.4 Models for Polarity at the Emergence of the Bilateral Evolution
		3 Conclusions: Biological Evolution Under Multiple Time Scales
		References
	Bridging Time Scales in Evolutionary Biology
		1 Introduction
		2 The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution
		3 A Bridge Between Two Time Scales
		4 Consequences of This Relation
			4.1 Selection and the Nearly Neutral Theory
			4.2 Molecular Clock
			4.3 Adaptation
		5 Conclusions
		References
	The Effect of Different Time Scales in Cell and Developmental Biology as Recorded by Microscopy
		References
	Timescales in the Biosphere and Geosphere and Their Interactions: Importance in Establishing Earth System State
		1 Introduction
		2 Timescales in Biosphere and Geosphere Processes and Their Interactions at the Global Level
		3 Carbon Cycling in the Biosphere
		4 Certain Conditions Impacting Bio- and Geosphere Interactions Can Prolong Carbon Residence in the Biosphere
		5 Timescales and Tipping Points
		6 How and When Geosphere-Biosphere Interactions Lead to a Change in the Earth System State
		7 Anthropogenic Activities Are Disrupting Holocene Patterns of Carbon Cycling Over a Short Timescale
		8 Timescales of the Geo- and Biospheres Matter When Addressing Anthropogenic Climate Change
		References
	Timescales and Perspectives Are Relative: Shifting Baselines and Sea Turtles
		1 Natural and Unnatural Change Over Time: Shifting Baselines and the Shifting Baseline Syndrome
		2 A Sea Turtle Nesting Beach as a Case in Point for an Accelerated Shifting Baseline
		3 Sea Turtle Declines: A Global Phenomenon
		4 Back to the Future: Sea Turtles and Beyond
		References
Part III: Anthroposphere (Societal Focus): Engineering, Energy System Transformation, Medicine
	Multiscale Properties of Traffic Flow: The Macroscopic Impact of Traffic Waves
		1 Introduction
		2 Traffic Models
			2.1 Fundamental Conservation Principle
			2.2 Formulating Closed Macroscopic Traffic Models
			2.3 Properties of Macroscopic Traffic Models
			2.4 Microscopic Car-Following Models
			2.5 Optimal Velocity Model
			2.6 Transitioning Scales: Macroscopic Fields from Microscopic Trajectories
		3 Equilibrium Traffic Theory and the Fundamental Diagram
			3.1 The Fundamental Diagram of Traffic Flow
			3.2 Large-Scale Traffic Patterns
		4 Non-Equilibrium Traffic Theory
			4.1 Dynamic Instability of Uniform Flow
			4.2 Traveling Wave Solutions
		5 Traffic Scenarios Governed by All Relevant Scales
			5.1 A Concrete Traffic Jam Scenario
			5.2 Instabilities and Traffic Waves Across Scales
			5.3 Manifestations of Instabilities and Waves in the Fundamental Diagram
			5.4 The Impact of Flow Smoothing via Vehicle Automation
		6 Conclusion and Outlook
		References
	Integrating Multiple Timescales in the Economic Modelling of the Low-Carbon Transition
		1 Introduction
		2 The Low-Carbon Challenge
		3 Shortcomings of CGE Models and the IAMs Presented in Current IPCC Reports
		4 What Do We Need to Model a Low-Carbon Transition Properly?
		5 What Can the Advanced Modelling Approaches Tell Us?
		6 So Can We Meet the Paris Targets?
		7 Conclusions - Thinking About the Transition the Right Way
		References
	Multiplicity of Time Scales in Blood Cell Formation and Leukemia
		1 Introduction
		2 Relevant Time Scales in Hematopoiesis and Leukemia
			2.1 Cell Division
			2.2 Cell Maturation
			2.3 Cell Half-Life in Circulation
			2.4 Feedback Mechanisms
			2.5 Pre-clinical Phase of AML
			2.6 Acute Phase of AML
			2.7 AML Therapy Response and Relapse
		3 Mechanistic Modeling
		4 Models of Blood Cell Formation and Potential Applications
			4.1 A Model of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Differentiation
			4.2 Modeling Feedback Regulation
			4.3 Model Properties and Implications
			4.4 Applications of Models of Stem Cell Transplantation
			4.5 Remark on Time Scales
		5 Models of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Potential Applications
			5.1 Cytokine-Dependent Acute Myeloid Leukemia
				5.1.1 Model Derivation
				5.1.2 Model Properties and Implications
			5.2 Cytokine-Independent Acute Myeloid Leukemia
				5.2.1 Model Derivation
				5.2.2 Model Properties and Implications
				5.2.3 Comparing the Models of Cytokine-Dependent and Cytokine-Independent Leukemia
				5.2.4 Potential Applications
				5.2.5 Remark on Time Scales
			5.3 Model of the Stem Cell Niche
				5.3.1 Model Overview
				5.3.2 Model Properties and Implications
				5.3.3 Remark on Time Scales
			5.4 Models of Clonal Evolution
				5.4.1 Model Derivation
				5.4.2 Model Properties and Implications
				5.4.3 Remark on Time Scales
		6 Toward Personalized Medicine
			6.1 Example 1: The Impact of Leukemic Cell Properties on the Clinical Course of AML
			6.2 Example 2: The Impact of the Stem Cell Niche on AML Prognosis
		7 Discussion
		References
	A Unified Computational Model for the Human Response to Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation
		1 Introduction
		2 Methods
			2.1 Data
			2.2 Inflammation Model
			2.3 HPA Axis Model
			2.4 Cardiovascular Model
			2.5 Temperature and Pain
			2.6 Model Calibration
		3 Results
			3.1 Single LPS Administration-Base Simulation
			3.2 Timing of LPS Administration
			3.3 Repeated LPS Administration
			3.4 Effect of Dose in Single LPS Injection
			3.5 Continuous LPS Administration
		4 Discussion
		5 Conclusion
		Appendix
		References
	Time Scales in Disease Transmission Dynamics
		1 Introduction
		2 Time Scales in Disease Transmission
			2.1 The Infection Process
			2.2 Demographic Turn-Over
			2.3 Decay of Immunity
			2.4 The Time Scale of Pathogen Evolution
			2.5 The Evolution of the Host
			2.6 The Relative Ordering of Time Scales
		3 Examples
			3.1 Repeated Measles Epidemics
			3.2 The Evolutionary Epidemiology of Influenza A
			3.3 The Epidemic Time Scale: The Outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the UK
		4 The Covid-19 Pandemic
		5 Discussion
		References
Index Note: Indices of Volume I and II are combined. Page numbers of Volume I are in Roman style and the page numbers of Volum...