Multifunctional Polymeric Foams: Advancements and Innovative Approaches

Cover
Half Title
Emerging Materials and Technologies Series
Multifunctional Polymeric Foams: Advancements and Innovative Approaches
Copyright
Contents
Editor Biographies
List of Contributors
Preface
1. Polymeric Foams – An Introduction
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Classification
		1.2.1 Hardness
		1.2.2 Density
		1.2.3 Cell Structure
			1.2.3.1 Some Advantages and Uses of Open-Cell Foams
			1.2.3.2 Some Advantages and Uses of Closed Cell Foam
	1.3 Classification Based on Type of Polymers
	1.4 Blowing Agents (BAs)
	1.5 Process of Foaming
		1.5.1 Formation of Cell
		1.5.2 Growth of Cell
		1.5.3 Stability of the Cell
	1.6 Different Methods of Foaming
		1.6.1 Chemical Foaming
		1.6.2 Mechanical Foaming
		1.6.3 Physical Foaming
	1.7 Different Processing Methods
	1.8 Different Foams
		1.8.1 Thermoplastic Foams
		1.8.2 Thermoset Foams
		1.8.3 Nanocellular Foams
		1.8.4 Rubber Foams
		1.8.5 Biofoams
		1.8.6 Other Porous Foams
	1.9 Conclusion
	References
2. Micromechanical Modelling of Foams
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Modelling of Polymeric Foams
		2.2.1 Quasi-Static Models
		2.2.2 Open-Cell Foams and Their Applicability
		2.2.3 Regular Models
		2.2.4 Irregular Models
		2.2.5 Closed Cell Foams and Their Applicability
		2.2.6 Regular Models
		2.2.7 Irregular Models
	2.3 Conclusion
	References
3. Latex-Based Polymeric Foams – Preparation, Properties and Applications
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Manufacture of Latex Foam by Dunlop Process
		3.2.1 Preparation of Latex Compound
			3.2.1.1 Raw Latex
			3.2.1.2 Foam Promoters
			3.2.1.3 Foam Stabilisers
			3.2.1.4 Delayed Action Gelling Agents
			3.2.1.5 Cure Systems
			3.2.1.6 Fillers
			3.2.1.7 Flame Retardants
		3.2.2 Foaming of Compounded Latex
		3.2.3 Addition of Gelling Agents
		3.2.4 Moulding of the Foam
		3.2.5 Foam Gelling
		3.2.6 Foam Curing
		3.2.7 Washing and Drying
		3.2.8 Defects and Remedies in Foam Rubber
		3.2.9 Testing and Grading of Latex Foam Rubber
		3.2.10 Application of Latex Foam Rubber
	3.3 Conclusion
	References
4. Blended Polymeric Foams
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Blowing Agents
	4.3 Different Preparations of Polymer Blend Foams
		4.3.1 Basics of Foaming
			4.3.1.1 Development of Homogenous Polymer/Gas Mixture
			4.3.1.2 Cell Nucleation
				Foaming of Blended PP with PBT/PTFE
			4.3.1.3 Cell Emergence
			4.3.1.4 Stabilization of Cells
			4.3.1.5 Melt Blended Polymer Foams
				Manufacture of PPE-co-SAN Foams
			4.3.1.6 Bead Foams
				Recent Developments of New Bead Foams
				Polyester Foams
				Biopolymer-based Foams
				Foamed Wood-Polymer Composites
				Nanoporous Polymer Foams
	4.4 Characterization
		4.4.1 Swelling Studies
		4.4.2 CO[sub(2)] Solubility Measurement
		4.4.3 SEM Measurement
		4.4.4 DSC Measurement
		4.4.5 Tensile and Compression Testing
		4.4.6 Morphological Characterization
		4.4.7 Density Measurements
		4.4.8 Rheological Property Testing
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
5. Polymer Nanocomposite Foams as Metal Ion Removers
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Polymeric Nanocomposite Foams, Their Types and Applications
		5.2.1 Polymeric Nanocomposite Foam
			5.2.1.1 Basic Principles in the Formation of Polymeric Nanocomposite Foams
		5.2.2 Types of Polymeric Nanocomposite Foams to Remove Metal Ions
			5.2.2.1 Magnetic Polyurethane Nanocomposite Foam
			5.2.2.2 Carboxy-methylated Cellulose Nanofibrils (CMCNFs) Embedded in Polyurethane Foam
			5.2.2.3 Graphene Reinforced Nanocomposite Foams
			5.2.2.4 Elastomeric Nanocomposite Foams
	5.3 Mechanism of Removal of Metal Ions
		5.3.1 Selectivity
			5.3.1.1 Affinity
			5.3.1.2 Intraparticle Diffusion Rate
			5.3.1.3 Size
		5.3.2 Adsorption Capacity
		5.3.3 Reversibility of Adsorption
		5.3.4 Adsorption Isotherm
			5.3.4.1 Langmuir Isotherm
			5.3.4.2 Freundlich Isotherm
	5.4 Case Study for Various Metal Ions
		5.4.1 Pb[sup(2+)] Lead (II), Hg[sup(2+)] Mercury (II) Ion Removal
			5.4.1.1 Preparation Technique
			5.4.1.2 Ion Exchange Mechanism Study
			5.4.1.3 Kinetics Study
		5.4.2 As[sup(3+)] Arsenic (III) Ion Removal
			5.4.2.1 Method of Production
			5.4.2.2 Adsorption Isotherm
			5.4.2.3 Adsorption Kinetics
		5.4.3 Cd[sup(2+)] Cadmium (II) Ion Removal
			5.4.3.1 Preparation Technique
			5.4.3.2 Adsorption Experiments
			5.4.3.3 Regeneration of Adsorbent
			5.4.3.4 Adsorption Kinetics
			5.4.3.5 Adsorption Isotherm
	5.5 Conclusive Remarks
	References
6. Polymeric Nanocomposite Foams in Biomedical Engineering
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Polymer Nanocomposites
	6.3 Polymer Nanocomposite Foams
		6.3.1 Why 3D Nanocomposite Foams for Biomedical Application?
			6.3.1.1 Fabrication of Polymer Nanocomposite Foams
				In Situ Polyurethane Foaming Method
				Freeze Casting (Drying) Method (also known as Ice Templating)
				Porogen Leaching
				Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS)
				Foam Injection Molding and Mold Opening
				Supercritical Carbon dioxide (Sc-CO[sub(2)]) Foaming
				Batch Foaming
				High Internal Phase Emulsion (HIPE)
				Mixed Methods
			6.3.2.2 Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposite Foams
				Morphology
				Pore Size and Porosity
				Mechanical Strength
				Electrical Properties–
	6.4 Importance of Foam Properties in Biomedical Application
		6.4.1 Morphology
		6.4.2 Pore Size and Porosity
		6.4.3 Mechanical Properties
	6.5 Biomedical Application of Polymeric Nanocomposite Foams
		6.5.1 Biocompatible Nanocomposite Foams with Inorganic Fillers
		6.5.2 Biocompatible Nanocomposite Foams with Organic Fillers
		6.5.3 Biocompatible Nanocomposite Foams for Combinatorial Bone Regeneration and Antimicrobial Applications
	6.6 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
7. Polymer Nanocomposite Foams and Acoustics
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Polymer Nanocomposites
		7.2.1 Polymer Nanocomposite Foams
		7.2.2 Methods of Polymer Nanocomposite Foams Preparation
	7.3 Effect of Nanofillers on Polymer Nanocomposite Foams
		7.3.1 Parameters that Influence Foam Cell Structure
	7.4 Bubble Nucleation in Polymer Nanocomposite Foams
		7.4.1 Blowing Agents
	7.5 Properties of Polymer Nanocomposite Foams
		7.5.1 Mechanical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposite Foams
		7.5.2 Flame Retardancy of Polymer Nanocomposite Foams
	7.6 Electrical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposite Foams
	7.7 Application of Polymer Nanocomposites Foam in Acoustics
	7.8 Characterization of Acoustic Polymer Nanocomposites Foam
	7.9 Challenges in Polymer Nanocomposite Foam Applications in Acoustics
	7.10 Conclusion
	References
8. An Overview about the Growing Usage of Elastomeric Foams and Nanocomposite Derivatives in the Foam Market
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Market of Polymer Foams and Their Nanocomposites
	8.3 Reason for the Growth of the Foam Market
	8.4 Challenges and Future Outlook in the Foam Industry
	References
9. Polymeric Foams and Their Nanocomposite Derivatives for Shock Absorption
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Structural Hierarchy in Foams
		9.2.1 Definition of Length Scales
		9.2.2 Property-Structure Relationships
	9.3 Mechanics Preliminaries on Impact and Shock Loading
	9.4 Strain-Rate Effects: Property-Microstructure-Performance Relationships
		9.4.1 Effect of Base Material
		9.4.2 Inertia Effects in Micro and Macroscales
		9.4.3 Effect of Entrapped Gasses
	9.5 Summary
	References
10. An Overview on Nanoparticles, Nanocomposites and Emerging Applications of Polymeric Nanocomposite Foams
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Properties
	10.3 Applications of Nanoparticles, Nanocomposites and Polymeric Nanocomposite Foams
	10.4 Conclusions
	References
11. Innovations in Polymeric Foams and New Application Opportunities Including Energy and Energy Devices
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Advances in Sustainable Polymer Foams
	11.3 Advances in Thermoplastic Foams and Processing Techniques
	11.4 Application of Polymer Foams in SCs
	11.5 EMI Shielding Application of Foams
	11.6 Sound Application of Foams
	11.7 EEG Applications
	11.8 Polymer Foams in Energy Absorbing Application
	11.9 Conclusion
	References
Index