Multifunctional Epoxy Resins: Self-Healing, Thermally and Electrically Conductive Resins

Contents
About the Editors
Introduction to Multifunctional Epoxy Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Multifunctional Properties
		2.1 Self-healing
		2.2 Shape Memory
		2.3 Magnetic
		2.4 Thermal and Electrical Conductivities
		2.5 Flame Retardancy
	3 Applications
		3.1 Aeronautics
		3.2 Automotive
		3.3 Anti-corrosion Coatings
		3.4 High Voltage
	4 Conclusion
	References
Basics of Self-healing Epoxy Systems—General Concepts, Behavior, and Mechanism
	1 Introduction
	2 Approaches of Self-healing
		2.1 Extrinsic Self-healing Mechanism
		2.2 Intrinsic Self-healing Mechanism
	3 Conclusion
	References
Diffusion in Epoxy Oligomers and Polymers
	1 Translational Mobility of Epoxy Oligomers. Influence of Molecular Weight and Thermal Prehistory
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Experimental Section
		1.3 About the Course of Mass Transfer Processes
		1.4 Concentration Dependence of Diffusion Coefficients
		1.5 Temperature Dependence of Diffusion Coefficients
		1.6 Interdiffusion of Epoxy Oligomers
		1.7 The Influence of the Molecular Weight of Oligomers
		1.8 Conclusion
	2 Epoxy-Amine Adducts as Model Systems for Investigation of Curing Processes of Epoxy Oligomers
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Objects and Methods of Research
		2.3 Phase Equilibrium and Interdiffusion in the Epoxy Oligomer–Curing Agent System
		2.4 Phase Equilibria and Interdiffusion in Adducts of Epoxy Oligomers
		2.5 Conclusion
	3 Phase Equilibrium and Structure Formation During Curing of Epoxy Compositions
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Phase Equilibria and Interdiffusion in the Epoxy Oligomers—Thermoplastics Systems
		3.3 Phase Equilibria and Interdiffusion in the Systems Thermoplastics—Epoxy Oligomers Adducts
		3.4 Structure Formation During Curing of Mixtures of Epoxy Oligomers with Thermoplastics
	References
Mechanism of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Self-healing in Polymer Systems
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Historical Background
		1.2 Types of Self-healing Materials
	2 Autonomous Self-healing Epoxy Systems: Extrinsic Approaches
		2.1 Systems Based on Microcapsules
		2.2 Systems Based on Vascular Networks
	3 Non-autonomous Self-healing Epoxy Systems
		3.1 Thermally Induced Self-healing
		3.2 Photoinduced Self-healing
	4 Intrinsic Self-healing Epoxy Systems
		4.1 Dynamic Covalent Networks (Reversible Covalent Bond Cleavage)
		4.2 Non-covalent Supramolecular Approaches
	5 Conclusions
	References
Synthetic Design of Self-Healing Epoxy Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Extrinsic Self-Healing Epoxy Resins
		2.1 Hollow Fiber
		2.2 Microcapsule
		2.3 Thermoplastic Additives
	3 Intrinsic Self-Healing Epoxy Resins
		3.1 Supramolecular Dynamic Bonds
		3.2 Reversible Diels–Alder (DA) Addition
		3.3 Disulfide Bond Exchange
		3.4 Imine Exchange
		3.5 Ester Bond Exchange
	4 Conclusion and Prospect
	References
Self-healing Epoxy Resin with Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Behavior
	1 Introduction
	2 Stimuli for Self-healing Performance in Epoxy
	3 Dual Responsive Self-healing Epoxy
	4 Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Self-healing Epoxy
	5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
Bio-Derived Self-healing Epoxy Resins
	1 Introduction
	2 Bio-Renewable Sources for Epoxy Components
		2.1 Vegetable Oils
		2.2 Lignin
		2.3 Isosorbide
		2.4 Natural Phenols
		2.5 Tannic Acid (TA)
	3 Summary
	References
Modeling and Simulation of Vitrimers
	1 Introduction
	2 Simulation and Modeling Techniques and Theoretical Frameworks
		2.1 Particle-Based Models
		2.2 Continuum Models
	3 Conclusions
	References
Modeling of Crack Self-Healing in Thermally Remendable Fiber-Reinforced Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Diels–Alder Reaction
		2.1 Furan and Maleimide Self-Healing Systems
	3 Material Preparation and Characterization
		3.1 Self-Healing Polymer Synthesis
		3.2 Thermal Characterization
		3.3 Mechanical Characterization
	4 Self-Healing Kinetic Analysis
	5 Healing Efficiency
		5.1 Self-Healing Polymer
		5.2 Self-Healing Fiber-Reinforced Composite
	6 Modeling of Crack Self-Healing
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Crack Formation Analysis
		6.3 Crack Self-Healing Modeling
	7 Conclusion
	References
Fundamentals of Thermal Conductivity in the Epoxy Polymer Network
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Thermal Conductivity in Epoxy Resins
	2 Basic Theories of Thermal Conductivity in Epoxy Networks
		2.1 Phonon Contribution of Thermal Conductivity in Epoxy Resins
		2.2 Electronic Contribution of Thermal Conductivity in Epoxy Resins
		2.3 Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity
		2.4 Phonon Mean Path
	3 Methods to Improve Thermal Conductivity in Epoxy Resins
		3.1 By Forming Epoxy Composites
		3.2 By Intrinsic Modification of Thermal Conductivity in Epoxy
	4 Factors Influencing Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy Polymers
		4.1 Radius of Gyration—Amorphous State
		4.2 High-Order Structure—Crystalline State
		4.3 Polymer Chain Orientation
	5 Thermal Degradation and Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy Polymer
	6 Conclusion
	References
Modeling, Simulation, and Machine Learning in Thermally Conductive Epoxy Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Theories of Thermal Conduction in Epoxy Polymers
	3 Modeling of Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy Composites
		3.1 Rule of Mixtures and Equivalent Inclusion Models
		3.2 Maxwell–Garnett (MG) Model
		3.3 Lewis-Nielsen Model
		3.4 Agari Model
		3.5 Bruggeman Model
		3.6 Deng-Zheng Micromechanical Model
	4 Simulation of Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy Materials
		4.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulation
		4.2 Finite Element Modeling
	5 Machine Learning (ML) for the Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy-Based Materials
		5.1 ML Methodology Framework
		5.2 Prediction and Optimization of TC of Epoxy Materials from Small Dataset Through Transfer Learning
		5.3 Predicting the TC of Epoxy Composites Using Deep Learning (DL) Methods
	6 Conclusions and Future Outlook
	References
Fundamentals of Electrical Conductivity in Polymers
	1 Introduction
	2 Electrical Transport of Electrically Conductive Resins
		2.1 Conductive Fillers
		2.2 Percolation Threshold
		2.3 Electrical Conductivity
		2.4 Electromechanical Properties
		2.5 AC Electrical Analysis
		2.6 Temperature Dependance of Electrical Conductivity
		2.7 Electro-Thermal Properties
	3 Applications of Electrically Conductive Polymers
		3.1 Polymer-Based Strain and Damage Sensors
		3.2 Applications as Electro-Thermal Heaters, De-Icing Devices, and Self-Healable Systems
	4 Conclusions
	References
Imparting Electrical Conductivity in Epoxy Resins (Chemistry and Approaches)
	1 Introduction
	2 Conductive Polymer Composites (CPCs)
		2.1 Isotropic and Anisotropic CPCs
	3 Conduction Mechanisms
		3.1 Percolation Threshold (PT)
	4 Approaches to Impart Electrical Conductivity in Epoxy Resins
		4.1 Metallic Fillers
		4.2 Carbonaceous Fillers
		4.3 MXene Nanosheets
		4.4 Clay
		4.5 Ionic Liquids (ILs)
		4.6 Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs)
		4.7 Intrinsically Conductive Polymers (ICPs) as Filler
		4.8 Hybrid Composites Based on Epoxy Resin
	5 Dispersion of Conductive Fillers and Incorporation Methods
		5.1 Melt Processing
		5.2 Solution Blending
		5.3 In Situ Method
		5.4 Other Methods
	6 Determinants Influencing the Electric Conductance of Polymer Composites
		6.1 Additive Characteristics
		6.2 Polymer Properties
		6.3 Processing Conditions
	7 Influence of Conductive Additives on Thermal and Mechanical Properties
	8 Conclusions and Future Outlook
	References
Applications of Electrically Conductive Epoxy Adhesives
	1 Introduction
	2 Electrically Conductive Adhesives
		2.1 Types of ECAs
		2.2 Conduction Mechanisms in ECAs
		2.3 Epoxy Resin-Based ECAs
		2.4 Conductive Fillers
		2.5 Inherent Conductive Polymers
	3 Prospects of ECAs
	4 Summary
	References