Multifaceted Biomedical Applications of Graphene

Preface
Contents
Part I: Basic Features and Potential Toxicity of Graphene Family Nanomaterials
	Principles and Biomedical Application of Graphene Family Nanomaterials
		1 Introduction
		2 Synthetic Approaches of Graphene Family Nanomaterials
		3 Physicochemical Properties and Characterizations of GFNs
			3.1 Biomedical Applications of GFNs
				3.1.1 GFNs in Bioimaging Application
				3.1.2 Significance of GFNs in 3D Bioprinting
				3.1.3 Role of GFNs in Antimicrobial Activities
				3.1.4 GFNs in Biosensors
				3.1.5 Applications of GFNs in Drug Delivery and Gene Therapy
				3.1.6 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Photothermal Therapy
				3.1.7 Importance of GFNs in Tissue Engineering
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Differential Toxicity of Graphene Family Nanomaterials Concerning Morphology
		1 Introduction
		2 Toxicity Studies of Graphene Family Nanomaterials
			2.1 Nanosheets
			2.2 Quantum Dots
			2.3 Nanoplatelets
			2.4 Nanoribbons
		3 Conclusions and Perspectives
		References
Part II: Graphene-Based Nanomaterials as Scaffolds for Stem Cell Fate Modulation and Tissue Regeneration
	Graphene-Based Materials for Efficient Neurogenesis
		1 Introduction
		2 Graphene Derivatives for Neurogenesis
		3 Graphene-Nanoparticle Hybrid for Neurogenesis
		4 Three-Dimensional Graphene Scaffolds for Neurogenesis
		5 Graphene-Based Sensor for Detecting Neurogenesis
		6 Conclusions and Perspectives
		References
	Functional Graphene Nanomaterials-Based Hybrid Scaffolds for Osteogenesis and Chondrogenesis
		1 Introduction
		2 Biocompatibility
		3 Graphene for Chondrogenesis
			3.1 Glass/Substrate/Nanofiber Scaffold for Chondrogenesis
			3.2 3D Bulk/Porous Structure/Composite for Chondrogenesis
			3.3 Hydrogel/3D Printing for Chondrogenesis
		4 Graphene for Osteogenesis
			4.1 Glass/Substrate/Nanofiber for Osteogenesis
			4.2 3D Bulk/Porous Structure/Composite for Osteogenesis
			4.3 Hydrogel and 3D Printing for Osteogenesis
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Role of Graphene Family Nanomaterials in Skin Wound Healing and Regeneration
		1 Introduction
		2 Applications
			2.1 Excisional or Incisional Normal Skin Wound Healing
			2.2 Diabetic and Infection Type of Skin Wound Healing
		3 Conclusions and Perspectives
		References
Part III: Graphene as Agents for Drug Delivery, Bioimaging, Theranostics, and Therapeutics
	Graphene-Based Nanomaterials as Drug Delivery Carriers
		1 Introduction
		2 Properties of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
			2.1 Surface Properties of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
			2.2 Photothermal Properties of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
			2.3 Other Properties of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
		3 Synthesis and Preparation of Graphene-Based Drug Delivery Carriers
		4 Biodistribution and Biosafety of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
			4.1 Biodistribution of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
			4.2 Biosafety of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
		5 Conclusion and Perspective
		References
	Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Imaging
		1 Introduction
		2 Optical Properties of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
			2.1 Photoluminescence of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
			2.2 Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
		3 Synthesis and Preparation of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
			3.1 Graphene
			3.2 Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide
			3.3 Graphene Quantum Dot and Nano-Graphene Oxide
		4 Various Biomedical Imaging Modality Using Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
			4.1 Fluorescence Bioimaging
			4.2 Multiphoton Fluorescence Imaging
			4.3 Raman Imaging
			4.4 MRI
			4.5 Photoacoustic Imaging
		5 Conclusions and Perspectives
		References
	Graphene: A Promising Theranostic Agent
		1 Introduction
		2 Synthesis of Graphene Derivatives
			2.1 Top-Down Method
			2.2 Bottom-Up Routes
		3 Characteristics of Graphene-Based Theranostic Agents
		4 Theranostic Applications of Graphene
		5 Toxicological Study
		6 To-Be Perspective
		References
	Graphene as Photothermal Therapeutic Agents
		1 Introduction
		2 Mechanism of Photothermal Therapy by Graphene
		3 Graphene Derivatives
			3.1 Graphene Oxide (GO)
			3.2 Reduced Graphene Oxides (rGO)
			3.3 Graphene Nanoribbons (GNRs)
			3.4 Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs)
		4 Graphene-Based Combination Photothermal Therapy (PPT)
			4.1 Enhanced Photothermal Therapy
			4.2 Photodynamic Photothermal Therapy
			4.3 Photothermal Gene Therapy
			4.4 Photothermal Chemotherapy
			4.5 Photothermal Immunotherapy
		5 Image-Guided Photothermal Therapy
		6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
		References
Part IV: Graphene for Nanobiosensors, Biochips, and Antibacterial Agents
	Graphene for Nanobiosensors and Nanobiochips
		1 Introduction
		2 Graphene Family Materials as Functional Components of Biosensors
			2.1 Graphene-Assisted Target Recognition
				2.1.1 Graphene as a Signal Transducer
					Graphene-Based Electrode for Electrochemical Sensor
					Graphene Channel in Field Effect Transistor Biosensors
					Graphene as Fluorophore or Fluorescence Quencher in Fluorescent Biosensor
					Graphene as a Substrate for Raman Scattering-Based Biosensor
		3 Device Formats of Graphene-Based Point-of-Care Biosensors
			3.1 Disposable Paper-Based Devices
			3.2 Lab-on-a-Chips
			3.3 Wearable Biosensors
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Antibacterial Activity of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
		1 Introduction
		2 Antibacterial Mechanisms of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
			2.1 Interaction of Bacteria with Graphene-Modified Surfaces
			2.2 Antibacterial Mechanisms
		3 Antibacterial Effect of Graphene
		4 Conclusions
		References
Part V: Conclusions
	Reflections and Outlook on Multifaceted Biomedical Applications of Graphene
		1 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials
		2 Graphene-Based Materials
		3 The Interface of Graphene-Cells
		4 Description About Book Chapters
		5 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook
		References