Multidimensional Analytical Techniques in Environmental Research

Front Matter
Copyright
Contributors
Multidimensional analytical techniques in environmental research: Evolution of concepts
	Challenges in environmental research
	Coping with environmental organic matrices complexity
	Multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in environmental research
		Solution-state NMR spectroscopy in environmental research
		Solid-state NMR spectroscopy in environmental research
		Comprehensive multiphase and in vivo NMR for analysis of natural samples
	High-resolution mass spectrometry in environmental research
	Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy in environmental research
	Fluorescence spectroscopy in the characterization of environmental samples
	Comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography in environmental analysis
	Synchrotron-based techniques as multidimensional analytical tools
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Environmental solution-state NMR spectroscopy: Recent advances, potential, and impacts
	Introduction
	NMR methodology
		Operating principle
		NMR spectrometer
		NMR methods
			1D 1H and 13C NMR
			2D 1H1H and 1H13C NMR
			3D 1H1H13C NMR
	Soil organic matter analysis
		Characteristics of soil organic matter and humic substances
		SOM samples preparation
		NMR characterization
	Solution-state NMR spectroscopy of dissolved organic matter in water bodies and sediments
		Characteristics of dissolved organic matter
		DOM sample preparation
		NMR characterization
	Solution-state NMR spectroscopy of organic matter in air and rainwater
		Characteristic of atmospheric organic matter (organic aerosols)
		NMR sample preparation
		NMR characterization
	Processing of environmental NMR data
		NMR spectral analysis software
		Functional analysis
		Factorial analysis
		Challenges in environmental NMR metabolomics
	Recent advances in environmental NMR
	References
Advanced two-dimensional solid-state NMR spectroscopy and its application in environmental sciences
	Introduction to nuclear magnetic resonance
		Overview
		NMR theory
		Solid-state NMR
	2D solid-state NMR spectroscopy
		Basics of 2D NMR
		Advanced 2D solid-state NMR techniques
			2D 1H-13C heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) solid-state NMR
				HETCOR for identification of functional groups
				HETCOR for connectivity
				HETCOR for domains and heterogeneities
			2D solid-state 13C-13C correlation NMR
	Summary and outlook
	References
High-resolution mass spectrometry strategies for the investigation of dissolved organic matter
	Motivation
	Environmental production and processing of DOM with regards to individual analytes
	HRMS strategies for the investigation of DOM
		Sample preparation
		Ionization and optimizing sample transfer to the mass spectrometer
			Ionization techniques
			Segmented acquisition
		Investigating complex mixture diversity
			Formula assignment and distinguishing isobars
			Separation methods for investigating complex mixture diversity
				Preparative chromatography
				Chromatography, electrophoresis, and ion mobility to ``separate´´ isomers
			MS methods for investigating complex mixture diversity
				Increasing mass resolving power to increase isobaric resolution
				Fragmentation and structural elucidation
				Complexation, derivatization, and exchange techniques
		Visualization and data handling techniques
			Visualization
			Statistical treatment of data
	Concluding remarks
	References
Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy to assess the dynamics of complex environmental mixtures
	Introduction
	Theory of 2DCOS
		Wavelength-wavelength 2DCOS
			Synchronous spectra
			Asynchronous spectra
			Disrelation spectra
			Determination of the sequential events in a dynamic process by 2DCOS
			Comments on the visualization of 2DCOS maps
		Two-dimensional hetero-correlation spectroscopy
		Sample to sample 2DCOS
		Software availability for 2DCOS applications
	Data preprocessing for 2DCOS applications
		Baseline correction
		Smoothing for noise reduction
		Standardization
	2DCOS in the dynamic processes of NOM formation, characterization, and reactions
		Characterization of marine organic matter
		Characterization of NOM from natural water, soils, and other sources
		Characterization of NOM in waste managements
		Interaction of NOM and DOM with inorganic elements, minerals, and pollutants
			Interactions of NOM and DOM with a Cu ion
			Interactions of NOM and DOM with Cr(VI) and Cr(III)
			Interactions of NOM and DOM with the Zn ion
			Interactions of NOM and DOM with Cd
			Interactions of NOM and DOM with Al
			Interactions of NOM and DOM with other ions
		Interactions of NOM and DOM with nanoparticles
		Interactions of NOM and DOM with minerals
		Interactions of NOM and DOM with organic compounds and xenobiotics
	2DCOS as support to quantitative analysis in environmental studies
	2DCOS chromatography in environmental studies
	Conclusions
	References
Excitation-emission fluorescence mapping and multiway techniques for profiling natural organic matter
	Introduction
	Profiling natural organic matter in rivers
		Characterization of DOM in rivers
			FRI-divided FDOM components
			Spatial distribution of FRI fluorescent components
		DOM in the highly polluted tributary
			FRI divided CDOM regions
			Correlations between CDOM fluorescence and DOC
		Excitation-emission fluorescence application in rivers
			Total fluorescence intensities of DOC
			FSUM vs DOC based on FSUM/DOC grouping
		Summary
	Profiling natural organic matter in lakes
		Evaluation of DOM sources in lakes
			Characterization of CDOM by EEM-PARAFAC
		Seasonal characterization of DOM in lakes
			EEM characterization of CDOM
			Temporal distribution of PARAFAC components
		DOM in saline and freshwater lakes
			FRI-based CDOM fluorescent components
			CDOM sources for saline and fresh waters
		Summary
	Profiling natural organic matter in reservoirs and urban waters
		Characterization of DOM in reservoirs
			CDOM absorption and trophic states
			EEM characterization of CDOM
		Characterization of DOM in urban waters
			Characterization of CDOM EEM fluorescence spectra
			Variations in PARAFAC components of CDOM
		Summary
	References
Multidimensional liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis coupled to high-resolution detectors appl ...
	Introduction
	Heart-cutting and comprehensive 2D-LC strategies: Setting up the scene
	Multidimensional separations by means of capillary electrophoresis
	Targeted vs untargeted analysis in 2D-LC: Finding the best separation conditions
	Updating and trends in peak capacity and orthogonality in 2D-LC
	Finding the best detection conditions in 2D-LC
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Multidimensional gas chromatography for environmental exposure measurement
	Introduction
	Sample preparation toward gas chromatographic analysis
	The role of the multidimensional gas chromatographic in the assessment of environmental exposures
		Principles of GCxGC and instrumental advances
		GCxGC data analysis
		Applications toward current challenges
	Concluding remarks and future trends
	Acknowledgments
	References
Synchrotron radiation-based spatial methods in environmental biogeochemistry
	Introduction
	Overview of synchrotron radiation methods
		X-ray absorption spectroscopy
		X-ray fluorescence microprobe
		Synchrotron X-ray diffraction
		Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy
		X-ray standing wave
		X-ray transmission and fluorescence microtomography
		Confocal X-ray fluorescence imaging
		Coherent diffraction imaging
		Small-/wide-angle X-ray scattering
		X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
		Synchrotron-based infrared spectromicroscopy
	Integration of multidimensional analytical techniques and its challenges
	Limitations of synchrotron methods
		Biogeochemical complexity and loss of specificity
		Practical field management
		Uncertainties in speciation analysis by synchrotron X-ray analyses
		Beam-induced artifacts
	Future directions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Author Index
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Subject Index
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