Multi-photon Quantum Secure Communication

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Figures
1 Introduction
	1.1 Cryptography
		1.1.1 Short History
		1.1.2 Classical Cryptography Limitations
		1.1.3 Quantum Cryptography as a Solution
	1.2 Quantum Cryptography
	1.3 Quantum World
		1.3.1 Polarization Concept
		1.3.2 Quantum Cryptography
	1.4 Post-quantum Cryptography
		1.4.1 Lattice-Based Cryptography
		1.4.2 Multivariate Cryptography
		1.4.3 Hash-Based Cryptography
		1.4.4 Code-Based Cryptography
	1.5 Scope and Contributions of This Book
	1.6 Organization of This Book
	References
2 Mathematical Background
	2.1 Basic Concepts in Quantum Information
		2.1.1 Quantum State and Qubit
		2.1.2 Multiple Qubits
		2.1.3 Qubit Operations
		2.1.4 Mixed States and Density Operators
		2.1.5 No-Cloning Theorem
		2.1.6 Quantum Measurement
	2.2 Quantum Theory of Photons
		2.2.1 Quantization of Electromagnetic Field
		2.2.2 Photon States
		2.2.3 Representing Qubit Using Polarization States of a Photon
		2.2.4 Multi-photon Polarization States and Stokes Vector
		2.2.5 Polarization Rotation and Mueller Matrices for Multi-photon States
	2.3 Summary
	References
3 Quantum Key Distribution
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Single Photon-Based QKD Protocols
		3.2.1 The BB84 Protocol
		3.2.2 The B92 Protocol
	3.3 Use of Weak Coherent States in QKD
		3.3.1 Photon-Number-Splitting Attack
		3.3.2 The SARG04 Protocol
		3.3.3 The Decoy-State Method
		3.3.4 The COW Protocol
	3.4 Entangled Photon-Based QKD Protocol
		3.4.1 Quantum Entanglemententangled state and Bell’s Inequality
		3.4.2 The E91 Protocol
	3.5 Challenges of Current Approaches of QKD
	3.6 Summary
	References
4 Secure Communication Based on Quantum Noise
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Keyed Communication in Quantum Noise (KCQ)
		4.2.1 KCQ Coherent-State Key Generation with Binary Detection
		4.2.2 Current Experimental Status
		4.2.3 Comparison Between QKD and KCQ
	4.3 Security Analysis of KCQ
		4.3.1 Information-Theoretic (IT) Security
		4.3.2 Complexity-Theoretic (CT) Security
	4.4 Summary
	References
5 The Three-Stage Protocol: Its Operation and Implementation
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Principle of Operation
	5.3 Implementation of the Three-Stage Protocol Over Free Space Optics (FSO)
		5.3.1 Rotation Transformations
		5.3.2 Half Wave Plate Operation
			5.3.2.1 Choice of the Rotation Angle
	5.4 Summary
	References
6 The Multi-stage Protocol
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The Multi-stage Protocol Polarization Hopping
		6.2.1 Comparison with Single-Photon Protocols
	6.3 Man-in-the-Middle Attack
	6.4 Key/Message Expansion Multi-stage Protocol
		6.4.1 Multi-stage Protocol Using an Initialization Vector
		6.4.2 Operation of the Four-Variables Three-Stage Protocol
		6.4.3 Implementation of the Four-Variables Three-Stage Protocol
	6.5 Summary
	References
7 Preliminary Security Analysis of the Multi-stage Protocol
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Background Knowledge
		7.2.1 Helstrom Discrimination
	7.3 Photon Number Splitting Attack (PNS)
		7.3.1 Helstrom Discrimination
		7.3.2 Fock States
	7.4 Trojan Horse Attack
	7.5 Hardware Countermeasures
	7.6 Conclusion
	References
8 Security Analysis of the Multi-stage Protocol
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Intercept-Resend (IR) and Photon Number Splitting (PNS) Attacks
	8.3 Authentication
	8.4 Amplification Attack
	8.5 Security and Key Rate Efficiency
	8.6 Summary
	References
9 Application of the Multi-stage Protocol in IEEE 802.11i
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 IEEE 802.11i
		9.2.1 The Four-Way Handshake
	9.3 Integration of QKD for Key Distribution 	in IEEE 802.11i
		9.3.1 Disadvantages of the Approach Described to Integrate QKD into IEEE 802.11i
	9.4 Hybrid Three-Stage Protocol
		9.4.1 Quantum Handshake Using the Three-Stage Protocol
		9.4.2 Quantum Handshake Using the Four-Variable Three-Stage Protocol
		9.4.3 Quantum Handshake Using the Single-Stage Protocol
		9.4.4 Hardware Implementation
	9.5 Software Implementation
		9.5.1 Multi-agent Approach in BB84
		9.5.2 Multi-agent Approach in Multi-photon Tolerant Protocols
		9.5.3 Analysis of the Quantum Handshake Using Three-Stage Protocol and Its Variants
	9.6 Summary
	References
10 Intrusion Detection on Optical Fibers
	10.1 Intrusion Detection and Encryption
	10.2 Tapping of Optical Fibers
	10.3 Polarization Properties of Light [1]
	10.4 Experimental Setup
	10.5 Experimental Results
	10.6 Real-Life Applications of the Intrusion Detection System
	10.7 Summary
	References
11 Secure Key Transfer Over the Polarization Channel
	11.1 Symmetric Key Encryption
	11.2 The Advanced Encryption System
	11.3 A Review of the Polarization Properties of Light
	11.4 Polarization Transfer Function and Fiber Characterization
	11.5 The System
		11.5.1 Method of Implementation
	11.6 Experimental Results
	11.7 Data Rate and Calibration Time
	11.8 Summary
	References
12 An Ultra-Secure Router-to-Router Key Exchange System
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Related Work
		12.2.1 Discrete Logarithms
		12.2.2 Contemporary Key Distribution Protocols
	12.3 The Proposed Protocol
		12.3.1 Multi-stage Protocol
		12.3.2 Man in the Middle Attack on Multi-stage Protocols
	12.4 Proposed Protocol Using an Initialization Vector and Its Cryptographic Strength
		12.4.1 Description
		12.4.2 Mode of Operation
		12.4.3 A Two-Stage Protocol
		12.4.4 Braiding Concept
		12.4.5 Man in the Middle Attack on a Multi-stage Protocol Using an Initialization Vector
		12.4.6 Characteristics of the Proposed Protocol
	12.5 Alternatives to the Proposed Approach
		12.5.1 Alternative I—RSA
		12.5.2 Alternative II—AES
		12.5.3 Alternative III—ECC
	12.6 Summary
	References