Motivation in Grammar and the Lexicon

Editorial page......Page 3
Title page......Page 4
LCC data......Page 5
Table of contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
1. Introduction......Page 10
2.1 Cognition......Page 11
2.2 Bodily experience......Page 12
2.3 Emotion......Page 13
2.4 Perception......Page 14
2.5 Action......Page 15
2.8 Language......Page 16
3.1 From language to cognition: Whorfian effects......Page 17
3.2 From cognition to language: Motivation in language......Page 18
3.3 Motivation, arbitrariness, conventionality, and non-conventionality of the linguistic sign......Page 20
4. Contributions to this volume......Page 22
4.1 Motivation in grammar......Page 23
4.2 Motivation in the lexicon......Page 31
5. Conclusion......Page 33
References......Page 34
Part I. Motivation in grammar......Page 36
1. Motivating motivation......Page 38
2. Meaning and grammar......Page 40
3. The English auxiliary......Page 43
4. Functional and systemic organization......Page 46
5. Existence, negotiation, and interaction......Page 49
6. The existential core......Page 52
References......Page 55
1. Introduction......Page 58
2. The GbF model and English inversion......Page 59
3.1 What is there?......Page 63
3.2 The existential representing the GbF where inversion fails......Page 65
3.3 More on the versatility of the existential construction......Page 68
3.4 The existential construction paralleling inversion......Page 69
3.5 The existent NP: Definite or indefinite?......Page 73
4. The current proposal and other proposals......Page 74
References......Page 77
1. Introduction......Page 80
2. Previous cognitive linguistic studies......Page 81
3. Manner adverbs......Page 83
4. Transparent adverbs......Page 85
5. Vantage point......Page 86
6. External states......Page 88
7. A schematic description......Page 89
8. Conclusion......Page 94
References......Page 95
1. Introduction......Page 98
2. Previous approaches to dangling participles......Page 99
3.2 Types of situation described in the dangling participial clause......Page 101
3.3 Types of situations described in the main clause......Page 105
3.4 Meaning of the dangling participial construction......Page 107
4. Subjectification and intersubjectification of the dangling participial construction......Page 110
5. Conclusion......Page 112
References......Page 113
1. Introduction......Page 116
2. Inference and semantic change......Page 117
3. An analysis of temporal/spatial overlap......Page 119
4.1 From temporal overlap to contrast......Page 121
4.2 From temporal overlap to concessive......Page 122
5.1 Experiment I......Page 124
5.2 Experiment II......Page 125
5.3 Experiment III......Page 128
6.1 Perceptual motivation......Page 130
6.2 Competing motivations: Perceptual and cognitive factors......Page 132
7. Conclusion......Page 134
References......Page 136
Appendix B......Page 137
Appendix D......Page 138
Appendix D (contd.)......Page 139
Appendix D (contd.)......Page 140
Appendix D (contd.)......Page 141
1. Introduction......Page 142
2. Experimental research on event construal......Page 144
3. Experimental research on aspect......Page 145
4. New experiments on aspect and event construal......Page 147
References......Page 154
1. Introduction......Page 158
2. Preliminary observations......Page 160
3. The Lexical-Constructional Model: Lexical and constructional templates......Page 162
3.1 Lexical templates......Page 164
3.2 Constructional templates......Page 165
5. The subsumption process......Page 166
5.1 The NP into-gerund construction......Page 169
6. External constraints......Page 170
6.1 Verbs of perception......Page 171
6.2 Speech verbs......Page 174
7. Concluding remarks......Page 175
References......Page 176
1.1 The background......Page 180
1.2 “Pure” force dynamics......Page 182
1.3 An alternative: Participants and forces associated with them......Page 183
2.1 Langacker’s basic model of energetic interaction......Page 188
2.2 Extensions from the prototypical action chain......Page 189
2.3 Profiling, case marking and the experiencer......Page 190
2.4 Dual role of a participant: Case marking of the doer in deontic must and Hungarian kell......Page 191
3.1 The nature of the epistemic domain and case marking......Page 193
3.2 Possible motivations......Page 195
4. Conclusions......Page 197
References......Page 198
1. Introduction......Page 200
2.1 What are referent honorifics?......Page 201
2.2 Subject vs. non-subject referent honorifics......Page 203
2.3 Productivity of referent honorification and its cross-linguistic difference......Page 205
3.1 The socio-cultural factor of the viewing arrangement in Japanese......Page 210
3.2 The socio-cultural factor of uchi/soto......Page 216
4. Concluding remarks......Page 218
References......Page 219
Part II. Motivation in the Lexicon......Page 222
1. Introduction......Page 224
2.1 Roschean cognitive reference points......Page 225
2.2 Elaborations of the Roschean model......Page 226
2.3 Cognitive reference points in linguistic research......Page 227
3.1 Norm......Page 229
3.2 Zero point......Page 232
3.3 ego......Page 235
4. Conclusion......Page 236
References......Page 237
1. Introduction......Page 242
2. Cross-linguistic and intra-linguistic variation in the use of the capital for government metonymies......Page 244
3.1 Conceptual motivation: the role of the cultural model and the metaphor proximity/distance in time and mental world is the proximity/distance in the sociophysical world......Page 250
3.2 Structural and discourse-pragmatic motivation......Page 254
4. Conclusions......Page 256
References......Page 257
1. Introduction......Page 260
2.1 Lexical motivation......Page 261
2.2 Polysemy and lexical motivation......Page 263
2.3 Transparency in the lexicon......Page 264
3.1 Goals of the questionnaire and hypotheses......Page 265
3.2 Stimulus material......Page 266
3.3 Method......Page 268
3.4 Results......Page 269
4. Conclusions and outlook on further research......Page 273
References......Page 275
1. Introduction......Page 278
2. What is (lexical) motivation?......Page 279
3. Motivational networks......Page 281
4.1 Why speaker judgements?......Page 283
4.2 Multiple motivational links......Page 284
5.1 Word families and their status in the mental lexicon......Page 287
5.2 Evidence for the influence of word families on lexical processing......Page 290
5.3 Synthesis......Page 291
References......Page 293
1. Delimiting the notion of motivation in the lexicon......Page 296
2. Researching the motivatability of the English and German vocabulary......Page 299
3. Results......Page 301
4. Conclusion......Page 305
References......Page 306
Name index......Page 308
Subject index......Page 312