Mosby’s® Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference

Front Cover
Inside Front cover
Mosby’s® Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference
Copyright
Dedication
reviewers
preface
contents
list of figures
user’s guide to test preparation and procedures
A
	acetylcholine receptor antibody panel (AChR Ab, Anti–AChR antibody)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	acid phosphatase (Prostatic acid phosphatase [PAP], Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase [TRAP])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	activated clotting time (ACT, Activated coagulation time)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, Corticotropin)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test with cosyntropin (ACTH stimulation test, Cortisol stimulation test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test with metyrapone (ACTH stimulation test with metyrapone, Metyrapone test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	adrenal steroid precursors (Androstenediones [AD], Dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA], Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate [DHEA S] ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	age-related macular degeneration risk analysis (ARMD risk analysis, Y402H, and A69S)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	alanine aminotransferase (ALT, formerly Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase [SGPT])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	aldolase
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	aldosterone
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	allergy blood testing (IgE antibody test, Radioallergosorbent test [RAST])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	allergy skin testing
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	alpha1-antitrypsin (A1AT, AAT, Alpha1-antitrypsin phenotyping)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	alpha defensin test (Synovasure)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, a1-Fetoprotein)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	aluminum
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	amino acid profiles (Amino acid screen)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	ammonia level
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	amniocentesis (Amniotic fluid analysis)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	amylase
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	amyloid beta protein precursor, soluble (sBPP, APP, and Tau protein)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	angiotensin
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE, Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme [SACE])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	anion gap (AG, R factor)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL antibodies, ACA, Antiphospholipid antibodies, Lupus anticoagulant)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	anticentromere antibody test (Centromere antibody)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	antichromatin antibody test (Antinucleosome antibody [anti-NCS], Antihistone antibody test [anti-HST, AHA])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (Cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, CCP IgG anti-CCP) and anti-mutated citr ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	antidiuretic hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	anti-DNA antibody test (Anti–deoxyribonucleic acid antibodies, Antibody to double-stranded DNA, Anti–double-stranded DNA, ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	antiextractable nuclear antigens (Anti-ENAs, Antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens, Antihistidyl transfer synthase ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	antifactor Xa (Anti-Xa)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies (Anti-GBM antibody, AGBM, Glomerular basement antibody, Goodpasture antibody ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	antiglycan antibodies (Crohn disease prognostic panel, Multiple sclerosis antibody panel)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	antiliver/kidney microsomal type 1 antibodies (Anti-LKM-1 antibodies)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	antimitochondrial antibody (AMA)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	antimyocardial antibody
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	antinuclear antibody (ANA)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	antiparietal cell antibody (APCA)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	anti-PM/Scl-75 and anti-PM/Scl-100 antibodies (PM/Scl-75 and PM/Scl-100 antibodies)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	antiscleroderma antibody (Scl-70 antibody, Anti-topoisomerase I, Scleroderma antibody, RNA polymerase III antibody)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	antismooth muscle antibody (ASMA)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	antispermatozoal antibody (Sperm agglutination and inhibition, Sperm antibodies, Antisperm antibodies, Infertility screen ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	anti–SS-A (RO), anti–SS-B (LA), and anti–SS-C antibodies (Anti-Ro, Anti-La, Sjögren antibodies)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
	antithrombin activity and antigen assay (Antithrombin III [AT-III] activity/assay, Functional antithrombin III assay, Hep ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Test results and clinical significance
	antithyroglobulin antibody (Thyroid autoantibody, Thyroid antithyroglobulin antibody, Thyroglobulin antibody)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	antithyroid peroxidase antibody (Anti-TPO, TPO-Ab, Antithyroid microsomal antibody, Thyroid autoantibody)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	apolipoproteins
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	apt test (Downey test, Qualitative fetal hemoglobin stool test, Stool for swallowed blood)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	arterial blood gases (ABGs, blood gases)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	arteriography (Angiography)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	arthrocentesis with synovial fluid analysis
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	arthroscopy
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	aspartate aminotransferase (AST; Formerly called serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
B
	barium enema (BE, Lower GI series)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	barium swallow
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	basic metabolic profile (BMP, Chemistry panel, Chem 7, Sequential multiple analysis [SMA] 7, SMAC 7, Chemistry Screen)
		Electrolytes
		Kidney tests
		Glucose (p. 464)
	Bence Jones protein (Free kappa and lambda light chains)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	beta-hydroxybutyrate (Beta-hydroxybutyric acid)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	11 beta-prostaglandin F(2) alpha
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	bile acids (Cholic acid, Chenodeoxycholic acid, Deoxycholic acid, Ursodeoxycholic acid)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	bilirubin
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	bioterrorism infectious agents testing
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	bladder cancer markers (Bladder tumor antigen [BTA], Nuclear matrix protein 22 [NMP22])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	bleeding scan (Abdominal scintigraphy, GI scintigraphy)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	blood culture and sensitivity
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	blood smear (Peripheral blood smear, Red blood cell [RBC] morphology, RBC smear)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	blood typing (Blood group microarray testing)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	blood urea nitrogen (BUN, urea nitrogen)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	bone densitometry (Bone mineral content [BMC], Bone mineral density [BMD], DEXA scan)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	bone marrow biopsy (Bone marrow examination, Bone marrow aspiration)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	bone scan
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	bone turnover markers (BTMs, N-telopeptide [NTx], Bone collagen equivalents [BCEs], Osteocalcin [bone G1 a protein, BGP, os ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	bone x-ray
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	brain scan (Cisternogram, Cerebral blood flow, DaT scan)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	brain trauma indicator (BTI, Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 [UCH-L1], Glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	breast cancer tumor analysis (DNA ploidy status, S-phase fraction, Cathepsin D, HER-2 [c erbB2, neu] protein, p53 protein, ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	breast ductal lavage
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	bronchoscopy
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
C
	calcitonin (Human calcitonin [HCT], Thyrocalcitonin), Procalcitonin (PCT)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	calcium (Total/ionized calcium, Ca, Serum calcium)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	caloric study (Oculovestibular reflex study)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	cancer tumor markers (Tumor markers [TMs], Tumor-associated markers)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	carbon dioxide content (CO 2 content, CO 2 combining power)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	carboxyhemoglobin (COHb, Carbon monoxide)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	cardiac catheterization (Coronary angiography, Ventriculography)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	cardiac nuclear scan (Myocardial perfusion scan, Myocardial perfusion imaging, Myocardial scan, Cardiac scan, Heart scan, ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	cardiac stress testing (Exercise stress testing; Nuclear stress testing; Echo stress testing)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	carotid artery duplex scanning (Carotid ultrasound)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	cell culture drug resistance testing (CCDRT, Chemosensitivity assay, Drug response assay)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	cell-free maternal DNA testing (Prenatal cell-free DNA screening, Noninvasive prenatal testing [NIPT], cell-free DNA in m ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	cell surface immunophenotyping (Flow cytometry cell surface immunophenotyping, Lymphocyte immunophenotyping, AIDS T-lymph ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	ceramides
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	cervical biopsy (LEEP procedure, Cone biopsy)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	chest x-ray (CXR)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	Chlamydia
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	chloride, blood (CL)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	cholesterol
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	cholinesterase (CHS, Pseudocholinesterase [PChE], Cholinesterase RBC, Red blood cell cholinesterase, Acetylcholinesterase ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	chorionic villus sampling (CVS, Chorionic villus biopsy [CVB])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	chromosome karyotype (Blood chromosome analysis, Chromosome studies, Cytogenetics, Karyotype)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	Clostridium difficile ( C. diff, Clostridial toxin assay)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	coagulating factors concentration (Coagulating factors, Blood-clotting factors)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	cold agglutinins
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	coagulation profile (Coagulation panel)
	colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, proctoscopy, anoscopy
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	Colo-rectal cancer tumor analysis (Microsatellite instability [MSI] testing, DNA mismatch repair [MMR] genetic testing, B ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	colposcopy
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	complement assay (Total, C3 and C4 complement)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	complete blood count and differential count (CBC and diff)
	comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP, Chem 12, Chemistry panel, SMA 12 (Sequential Multiple Analysis), SMA 20
	computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis (CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis, Helical/spiral CT scan of the abdomen ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	computed tomography angiography (CTA, CT arteriography)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Text explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	computed tomography of the chest (Chest CT scan, Helical/spiral CT scan of the chest, CT of the chest)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	computed tomography of the extremity (CT scan of the extremity, CT lower extremity, CT upper extremity, CT of the should ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	computed tomography of the head (CT scan of the brain, Helical/spiral CT scan of the brain, CT of the head)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	computed tomography of the heart (Coronary CT angiography, Coronary calcium score)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	computed tomography of the neck (CT scan of the neck)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	Coombs test, direct (Direct antiglobulin test [DAT])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	Coombs test, indirect (Blood antibody screening, Indirect antiglobulin test [IAT])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test (CRH stimulation test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	cortisol, blood, urine, saliva (Hydrocortisone, Serum cortisol, Salivary cortisol, Total cortisol, Free cortisol)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	C-peptide (Connecting peptide insulin, Insulin C-peptide, Proinsulin C-peptide)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	C-reactive protein test (CRP, High-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], Ultra-sensitive CRP)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	creatine kinase (CK, Creatine phosphokinase [CPK])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	creatinine, blood (Serum creatinine)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	creatinine clearance (CC, Estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	cryoglobulin
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	cystography (Cystourethrography, Voiding cystography, Voiding cystourethrography [VCUG])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	cystoscopy (Endourology)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	cytokines (interleukins)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB) and antivinculin antibodies
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	cytomegalovirus (CMV)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
D
	D-dimer (Fragment D-dimer, Fibrin degradation product [FDP], Fibrin split products)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	delta-aminolevulinic acid (Aminolevulinic acid [ALA], d-ALA)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	dental x-ray (Dental radiography)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	dexamethasone suppression test (DST, Prolonged/rapid DST, Cortisol suppression test, ACTH suppression test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	diabetes mellitus autoantibody panel (diabetes-associated autoantibodies, Insulin autoantibody [IAA], Islet cell antibody [ ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG in erythrocytes)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	disseminated intravascular coagulation screening (DIC screening)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Abnormal findings
	drug monitoring (Therapeutic drug monitoring [TDM], drug sensitivity genotyping)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Pharmacogenetics (genotyping for drug monitoring)
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	ductoscopy (Mammary ductoscopy)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
E
	echocardiography (Cardiac echo, Heart sonogram, Transthoracic echocardiography [TTE])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	electrocardiography (Electrocardiogram [ECG, EKG])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	electroencephalography (Electroencephalogram [EEG])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	electromyography (EMG)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	electromyography of the pelvic floor sphincter (Pelvic floor sphincter electromyography, Pelvic floor sphincter EMG, Rec ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	electroneurography (ENG, Nerve conduction studies)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	electronystagmography (Electrooculography)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	electrophysiologic study (EPS, Cardiac mapping)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	endometrial biopsy
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	Epstein-Barr virus testing (EBV antibody titer)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	erythrocyte fragility (Osmotic fragility [OF], Red blood cell fragility)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, Sed rate test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	erythropoietin (EPO)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	esophageal function studies (Esophageal manometry, Esophageal motility studies)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD, Upper gastrointestinal [UGI] endoscopy, Gastroscopy)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	estrogen fractions (Estriol excretion, Estradiol, Estrone)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	estrogen receptor assay (ER assay, ERA, Estradiol receptor)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	ethanol (Ethyl alcohol, Blood alcohol, Blood EtOH)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	evoked potential studies (EP studies, Evoked brain potentials, Evoked responses)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
F
	factor V Leiden (FVL, Leiden factor V, Mutation analysis)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	febrile antibodies (Febrile agglutinins)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	fecal calprotectin
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	fecal fat (Fat absorption, Quantitative stool fat determination)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	ferritin
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	fetal biophysical profile (Biophysical profile [BPP])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	fetal contraction stress test (Contraction stress test [CST], Oxytocin challenge test [OCT])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	fetal fibronectin (fFN, Fibronectin)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	fetal hemoglobin (Kleihauer–Betke)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	fetal nonstress test (Nonstress test [NST], Fetal activity determination)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	fetal scalp blood pH
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	fetoscopy
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	fibrinogen (Factor I, Quantitative fibrinogen)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	fluorescein angiography (FA, Ocular photography)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	folic acid (Folate)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	fungal testing (Antifungal antibodies; Beta-D-glucan,(1,3)- β -D-glucan, Fungitell, Fungal culture, Fungal antigen assay ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
G
	galectin-3 (GAL-3)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	gallbladder nuclear scanning (Hepatobiliary scintigraphy, Cholescintigraphy, DISIDA scanning, HIDA scanning)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	gallium scan
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP, γ -GTP, Gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	gastric emptying scan
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	gastrin
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	gastroesophageal reflux scan (GE reflux scan, Aspiration scan)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	genetic testing (Breast cancer [ BRCA ] and ovarian cancer, Colon cancer, Cardiovascular disease, Tay–Sachs disease, Cyst ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	genomic cancer testing (Oncotype DX, Genotyping, Genomics)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	gliadin, endomysial, and tissue transglutaminase antibodies
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	glucagon
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	glucose, blood (Blood sugar, Fasting blood sugar [FBS])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	glucose, postprandial (2-Hour postprandial glucose [2-Hour PPG], 1-Hour glucose screen)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	glucose tolerance test (GTT, Oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb, GHB, Glycohemoglobin, Glycolated hemoglobin, Hemoglobin [Hb A 1c ], Diabetic control index)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	growth hormone (GH, Human growth hormone [HGH], Somatotropin hormone [SH])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	growth hormone stimulation test (GH provocation test, Insulin tolerance test [ITT], Arginine test, Glucagon Stimulation t ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
H
	haptoglobin
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	Heinz body preparation
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	Helicobacter pylori testing (Anti– Helicobacter pylori antibody, Campylobacter -like organism [CLO] test, H. pylori ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	hematocrit (Hct, Packed red blood cell volume, Packed cell volume [PCV])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	hemoglobin electrophoresis (Hgb electrophoresis)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	hepatitis virus studies
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnomal findings
	herpes simplex (Herpesvirus types 1 and 2, Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 [HSV 1, HSV 2], Herpes genitalis)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	hexosaminidase (Hexosaminidase A, Hex A, Total hexosaminidase, Hexosaminidase A and B)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	HIV drug resistance testing (HIV genotype)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	HIV RNA quantification (HIV viral load)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	HIV serologic and virologic testing (AIDS immunoassay, Acquired immunodeficiency serology, AIDS screen, Human immunodefic ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	Holter monitoring
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	homocysteine (Hcy)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, Pregnancy tests, hCG beta subunit)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	human lymphocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27 antigen, Human leukocyte A antigen, White blood cell antigens, Histocompatibility l ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	human papillomavirus (HPV test, HPV DNA testing, HPV Genotyping, HPV mRNA testing)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	human placental lactogen (hPL, Human chorionic somatomammotropin [HCS])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) I/II antibody
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OCHS)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	21-hydroxylase antibodies
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	hysterosalpingography (Uterotubography, Uterosalpingography, Hysterogram)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	hysteroscopy
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
I
	immunoglobulin quantification
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	insulin assay
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1, Somatomedin C, Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins [IGF BP])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	intrinsic factor antibody (IF ab)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	iron level and total iron-binding capacity (Fe and TIBC, Transferrin saturation, Transferrin)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	ischemia-modified albumin (IMA)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
K
	kidney stone analysis (Urinary stone analysis, Renal calculus analysis)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
L
	lactic acid (Lactate)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	lactic dehydrogenase (LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	lactoferrin
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	lactose tolerance test (Hydrogen breath test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	Legionnaires disease antibody test
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	leucine aminopeptidase (LAP)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	lipase (Pancreatic lipase, Lipoprotein lipase)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2 (Lp-PLA 2 PLAC test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	lipoproteins (High-density lipoproteins [HDLs, HDL-C], Low-density lipoproteins [LDLs, LDL-C], Very-low-density lipoprote ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	liquid biopsy (Fluid biopsy, Fluid phase biopsy)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	liver biopsy
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	liver/spleen scanning (Liver scanning)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid examination (LP and CSF examination, Spinal tap, Cerebrospinal fluid analysis)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	lung biopsy
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	lung cancer molecular testing (AKT1, ALK, BRAF, Epidermal growth factor [EGFR], HER2, KRAS, MEK1, MET, NRAS, PIK3CA, RET, ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	lung scan (Ventilation/perfusion scanning [VPS], Pulmonary scintiphotography, V/Q scan)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	luteinizing hormone (LH assay, Lutropin) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) assay
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	lyme disease test
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
M
	magnesium
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging [NMRI])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Potential complications
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	mammography (Mammogram)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	marijuana (THC) test (Cannabinoid or cannabis testing, Tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] testing)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	maternal screen testing (Maternal triple screen, Maternal quadruple screen)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	measles rubeola antibody
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	Meckel diverticulum nuclear scan
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	mediastinoscopy
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	metal testing (lead, arsenic, mercury)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Critical values for lead
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	metanephrine, plasma free (Fractionated metanephrines)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	methemoglobin (Hemoglobin M)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	methylated septin 9 DNA (mSEPT9, ColoVantage)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	microalbumin (MA)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	microglobulin (Beta 2 -microglobulin [ β 2 m], Alpha-1-microglobulin, Retinol binding protein)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	mononucleosis rapid test (Mononuclear heterophil test, Heterophil antibody test, Monospot test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibodies, IgG and IgM
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	myelography (Myelogram)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	myoglobin
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
N
	natriuretic peptides (Atrial natriuretic peptide [ANP], Brain natriuretic peptide [BNP], N-terminal fragment of pro–brain ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	neuron-specific enolase (NSE)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	neutrophil antibody screen (Granulocyte antibodies, Polymorphonucleocyte antibodies [PMN ab], Antigranulocyte antibodies, ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL, Lipocalin-2)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	newborn metabolic screening
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	nicotine and metabolites (Nicotine, Cotinine, 3-Hydroxy Cotinine, Nornicotine, Anabasine)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal finding
	5 ′ -nucleotidase
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
O
	Normal findings
	Test explanation and related physiology
	Contraindications
	Interfering factors
	Procedure and patient care
	Before
	During
	After
	Abnormal findings
	octreotide scan (Carcinoid nuclear scan, Neuroendocrine nuclear scan)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	osmolality, blood (Serum osmolality)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	osmolality, urine (Urine osmolality)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	oximetry (Pulse oximetry, Oxygen saturation)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
P
	pancreatic elastase (PE, EL1, Elastase-1, Fecal Elastase)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	pancreatic enzymes (Pancreatic secretory test, Amylase, Lipase, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	pancreatobiliary fish testing
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	Papanicolaou smear (Pap smear, Pap test, Cytologic test for cancer, Liquid-based cervical cytology [LBCC], ThinPrep)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	paracentesis (Peritoneal fluid analysis, Ascitic fluid cytology, Peritoneal tap)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	parathyroid hormone (PTH, Parathormone)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	parathyroid scan (Parathyroid scintigraphy)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	Parkinson disease testing
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	partial thromboplastin time, activated (APTT, Partial thromboplastin time [PTT])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	parvovirus B19 antibody
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	pepsinogen
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	pericardiocentesis
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	pheochromocytoma suppression and provocative testing (Clonidine suppression test [CST], Glucagon stimulation test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	phosphate (PO 4, Phosphorus [P])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies (anti-pla2r)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	PI-linked antigen (Phosphatidylinositol antigen)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	placental growth factor (PGF)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	plasminogen (Fibrinolysin)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	platelet aggregation test (Ristocetin test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	platelet antibody detection (Antiplatelet antibody detection)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	platelet count (Thrombocyte count)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	platelet function assay (Platelet closure time, PCT, Aspirin resistance tests, Bleeding time [BT], 11-Dehydro-thromboxane ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	platelet volume, mean (Mean platelet volume [MPV])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	plethysmography, arterial (Ankle-brachial index [ABI])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	pleural biopsy
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	porphyrins and porphobilinogens
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	positron emission tomography (PET scan)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Neurology
		Cardiology
		Oncology
		Bone
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	potassium, blood (K)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	potassium, urine (K)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	prealbumin (PAB, Thyroxine-binding prealbumin [TBPA], Thyretin, Transthyretin)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	pregnanediol
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	progesterone assay
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	progesterone receptor assay (PR assay, PRA, PgR)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	prolactin levels (PRLs)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	ProstaScint scan (Radioimmunoscintigraphy of the prostate [RIS])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3), MI-prostate score (MiPS)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	protein (Protein electrophoresis, Immunofixation electrophoresis [IFE], Serum protein electrophoresis [SPEP], Albumin, Gl ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	protein C, protein S
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	prothrombin time (PT, Protime, International normalized ratio [INR])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	pulmonary angiography (Pulmonary arteriography)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	pyelography (Intravenous pyelography [IVP], Excretory urography [EUG], Intravenous urography [IUG, IVU], Retrograde pyelo ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
R
	rabies-neutralizing antibody test
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	red blood cell count (RBC count, Erythrocyte count)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	red blood cell indices (RBC indices, Blood indices)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	renal biopsy (Kidney biopsy)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	renal scanning (Kidney scan, Radiorenography, Radionuclide renal imaging, Nuclear imaging of the kidney, DSMA renal scan, ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	renin assay, plasma (Plasma renin activity [PRA], Plasma renin concentration [PRC])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	reticulocyte count (Retic count)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	rheumatoid factor (RF)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	ribosome P antibodies (Ribosomal P Ab, Anti–ribosome P antibodies)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	rubella antibody test (German measles test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
S
	salivary gland nuclear imaging (Parotid gland nuclear imaging)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	semen analysis (Sperm count, Sperm examination)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB, Lymphoscintigraphy)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and chromogranin A
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	sexual assault testing (rape testing)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	sexually transmitted disease testing (STD testing)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	sialography
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	sickle cell screen (Sickledex, Hemoglobin [Hgb] S test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	Sims-Huhner test (Postcoital test, Postcoital cervical mucus test, Cervical mucus sperm penetration test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	skin biopsy (Cutaneous immunofluorescence biopsy, Skin biopsy antibodies, Skin immunohistopathology, Direct immunofluores ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	skull x-ray
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	sleep studies (Polysomnography [PSG])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	small bowel follow-through (SBF, Small bowel enema)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	small intestinal bacterial overgrowth test (SIBO test, Lactulose Breath Test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Abnormal findings
	sodium (Na), blood
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	sodium (Na), urine
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	spinal x-ray (Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal x-ray studies)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	sputum culture and sensitivity (C&S, Culture and Gram stain)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	sputum cytology
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	stool cancer screening (stool for occult blood, Stool for OB, Fecal occult blood test [FOBT], Fecal immunotest [FIT], DNA ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	stool culture (Stool for culture and sensitivity [C&S], Stool for ova and parasites [O&P])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	stool for leukocytes (White blood cell stool test, Fecal leukocyte stain, Stool for white cells)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	Streptococcus serologic testing (Antistreptolysin O titer [ASO], Antideoxyribonuclease-B titer, [Anti-DNase-B, ADNase-B ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	substance abuse testing (Urine drug testing, Drug testing, Drug screening, Toxicology screening)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	swallowing examination (Videofluoroscopy swallowing examination)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	sweat test (sweat electrolyte test, sweat chloride test, sweat conductivity test, iontophoretic sweat test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	syphilis detection test (Serologic test for syphilis [STS], Venereal Disease Research Laboratory [VDRL], Rapid plasma rea ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
T
	Normal findings
	Free testosterone
	Dihydrotestosterone
	Test explanation and related physiology
	Interfering factors
	Procedure and patient care
	Abnormal findings
	thoracentesis and pleural fluid analysis (Pleural tap)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	thoracoscopy
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	throat and nose cultures
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	thromboelastography (Thromboelastometry)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical value
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	thrombosis indicators fibrin monomers (Fibrin degradation products [FDPs], Fibrin split products [FSPs])
		fibrinopeptide A (FPA)
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	thyroglobulin (Tg, Thyrogen-stimulated thyroglobulin)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB, Skinny-needle thyroid biopsy, Fine-needle aspiration [FNA])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	thyroid scanning (Thyroid scintiscan)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, Thyrotropin, TRH stimulation test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulation test (TSH stimulation test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs, Long-acting thyroid stimulator [LATS], Thyroid-binding inhibitory immunoglobul ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test (TRH stimulation test, Thyrotropin-releasing factor stimulation test [TRF ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	thyroxine, total and free (T 4, Thyroxine screen, FT 4)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG, Thyroid-binding globulin)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	TORCH test
	total blood volume (TBV, Red blood cell [RBC] volume)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	toxoplasmosis antibody titer
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	transferrin receptor (TfR) assay
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	triglycerides (TGs)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	triiodothyronine (T 3 radioimmunoassay)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	troponins (Cardiac-specific troponin T [cTnT], Cardiac-specific troponin I [cTnI], High-sensitivity troponin [hsTnT, hs-c ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	tuberculin skin test (TST, Tuberculin test, Mantoux test, Purified protein derivative [PPD] test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	tuberculosis culture (TB culture, Acid-fast bacillus [AFB] smear)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	tuberculosis testing (TB testing, Interferon gamma release assay [IGRA, T-Spot.TB], QuantiFERON-TB Gold [QFT, QFT-G, TB G ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal finding
U
	ultrasound of the abdomen (Abdominal ultrasound, Abdominal sonogram)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	ultrasound of the breast (Breast ultrasonography, Ultrasound mammography, Breast sonogram)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	ultrasound of the pelvis (Pelvic ultrasonography, Obstetric ultrasonography, Vaginal ultrasound)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	ultrasound of the prostate/rectum (Prostate/rectal sonogram)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	ultrasound of the testicles (US Testicles, Scrotal ultrasound, Ultrasound of testes)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	ultrasound of the thyroid (US Thyroid, Thyroid echogram, Thyroid sonogram)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	upper gastrointestinal x-ray study (Upper GI series, UGI)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	urea breath test (UBT, Helicobacter pylori breath test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	uric acid, blood, and urine
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	urinalysis (UA)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	urine culture and sensitivity (C&S)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	urodynamic studies (Uroflowmetry, Urine flow studies, Cystometry, Cystometrogram [CMG], Urethral pressure profile [UPP], ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	uroporphyrinogen-1-synthase
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
V
	vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and catecholamines (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Metanephrine, ...
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	varicella virus testing (Antibody testing for Varicella zoster virus, Varicella zoster virus [VZV], Herpes virus-3)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	vascular ultrasound studies (Venous Doppler ultrasound, Venous duplex scan)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	venography of lower extremities (Phlebography, Venography)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Potential complications
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	viral cultures
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	virus testing
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Before
		During
		After
		Abnormal findings
	vitamin B 12 (Cyanocobalamin and methylmalonic acid [MMA])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	vitamin D (25-hydroxy vitamin D 2 and D 3 ; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH) 2 D])
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
W
	white blood cell count and differential count (WBC and differential, Leukocyte count)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Possible critical values
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	white blood cell scan (WBC scan, Inflammatory scan)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	wound culture and sensitivity (C&S)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
X
	d -xylose absorption test (Xylose tolerance test)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Contraindications
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
Z
	Zika virus (ZIKV)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Interfering factors
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
	zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP)
		Type of test
		Normal findings
		Test explanation and related physiology
		Procedure and patient care
		Abnormal findings
appendix A: list of tests by body system
	Cancer Studies
	Cardiovascular System
	Endocrine System
	Gastrointestinal System
	Hematologic System
	Hepatobiliary System
	Immunologic System
	Miscellaneous Studies
	Nervous System
	Pulmonary System
	Renal/Urologic System
	Reproductive System
	Skeletal System
appendix B appendix B: list of tests by type
	Blood Tests
	Electrodiagnostic Tests
	Endoscopy
	Fluid Analysis
	Manometric Tests
	Microscopic Examinations
	Nuclear Scans
	Other Studies
	Sputum Tests
	Stool Tests
	Ultrasound Tests
	Urine Tests
	X-Ray Examinations
appendix C appendix C: disease and organ panels
	Anemia
	Arthritis
	Basic metabolic panel (BMP)
	Bone/joint
	Cardiac injury
	Coagulation screening
	Coma
	Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)
	Diabetes mellitus management
	DIC
	Electrolyte panel
	General health
	Hemolysis profile
	Hepatic function panel
	Hepatitis, acute
	HIV
	Hypertension
	Lipid panel
	Obstetric
	Pancreatic
	Parathyroid
	Prenatal
	Renal panel
	Thyroid screening panel
	TORCH antibody panel
	Toxicology screening (urine)
appendix D  appendix D: symbols and units of measurement
bibliography
index
abbreviations for diagnostic and laboratory tests