Mortuary Variability and Social Diversity in Ancient Greece: Studies on ancient Greek death and burial

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Mortuary Variability and Social Diversity in Ancient Greece: A Prologue
	Nikolas Dimakis and Tamara M. Dijkstra
Death Practices and Social Change
	Protogeometric Thessaly: An Integrated Study of Burial Practices and Isotope Analysis of Human Remains
		Eleni Panagiotopoulou
	Liminal Spaces, Burial Contexts and Funerary Practices in the pre-Classical Marathon (Attica)
		Vicky Vlachou
	Funerary Variability in Late Geometric Attica and its Implications: A Closer Look at the Neglected Late 8th-century Cremations
		Alexandra Alexandridou
	Mortuary Practices in the Ancient Rural Demoi of Southeastern Attica under the Light of Recent Evidence from Five Cemeteries in Mesogaia
		Panagiota Galiatsatou
	Urbanism and its Impact on Human Health and Diet: A Preliminary Study of the Human Remains from Hellenistic to Late Antique Knossos, Crete
		Anna Moles
Social Identity and Treatment in Death
	Defining Social Identities at Cemeteries of Late Classical Argos: Age- and Gender-Groups on the Basis of Distinctive Funerary Gifts
		Georgia Ivou
	Pot Burials in Ancient Thera: The Presence of Infants in the Cemeteries of the Ancient City from 8th to 6th Century BC
		Olga Kaklamani
	Premature Death and Burial in Classical and Hellenistic Attica
		Nikolas Dimakis
Monumental Commemoration and Identity
	The Creation of a Deathscape: The Monumental Tomb at Agios Milianos in Lindos
		Vasiliki Brouma
	Building for the mos Romanus in the Peloponnese: The Columbaria Monuments
		Georgios Doulfis
	Mortuary Practices at Roman Sparta
		Maria Tsouli
	Burial Monumentality and Funerary Associations in Roman Kos
		Nikolas Dimakis and Vassiliki Christopoulou
	Grave Markers (Semata) of the Koan Necropoleis (3rd century BC-3rd century AD)
		Chrysanthi Tsouli
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Contents
	Contact Details of Contributors
	Mortuary Variability and Social Diversity in Ancient Greece: A Prologue
		Nikolas Dimakis and Tamara M. Dijkstra
Death Practices and Social Change
	Protogeometric Thessaly: An Integrated Study of Burial Practices and Isotope Analysis of Human Remains
		Eleni Panagiotopoulou
			Figure 1. Map of Thessaly (created by R. Bronkhorst).
			Figure 2. δ13C and δ15N isotope values from Pharsala: a) comparison of the diet of individuals between different burial locations, b) comparison of the diet of individuals between different tomb types, c) comparison of the diet of individuals between diff
			Figure 3. 87Sr/86Sr ratios of human enamel and environmental samples from Pharsala plotted against the Sr concentration of the samples. The black thick line indicates the seawater 87Sr/86Sr value. The local 87Sr/86Sr ratios are indicated by the environmen
	Liminal Spaces, Burial Contexts and Funerary Practices in the pre-Classical Marathon (Attica)
		Vicky Vlachou
			Figure 1. Plan of the Marathon plain with the burial grounds of the Protogeometric and Geometric periods: A. Vrana and Skorpio Potami, B. Marathonos Avenue, C. Valaria, D. Plasi, E. Northern area (Trikorythos), F. Oinoe (plan after Travlos 1988: 223, fig.
			Figure 2. Marathon, Skorpio Potami. Hydria (K845) used as cremation urn in Gr. 2.
			Figure 3. Marathon, Skorpio Potami. Shoulder-handled amphora used as cremation urn in Gr. 5.
			Figure 4. Marathon, Oinoe. Gr. VIII (after Arapogianni 1985: pl. 96a).
			Figure 5. Marathon, Skorpio Potami. Plan of the excavations at Kafetzopoulos plot (1974) (© Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Eastern Attica, Archive).
			Figure 6. Marathon, Marathonos Avenue. Deposit-pit 1. Neck (K2206) of belly-handled amphora of the circle style.
			Figure 7. Marathon, Marathonos Avenue. Deposit-pit 1. Fragmentary belly-handled amphora decorated with a prothesis scene (K2207).
			Figure 8a-d. Marathon, Skorpio Potami. One-handled coarse pitcher (K129), one-handled cup (K840), skyphos with pedestal (K838) and pyxis (K839) from Gr. 2.
			Figure 9. Marathon, Skorpio Potami, Kafetzopoulos plot. Belly-handled amphora of the Circle style (K775).
			Figure 10. Marathon, Plasi. S. Kollia plot. Interior view of Gr. III during excavation. (Photo by E. Kyriakou. © Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Eastern Attica, Archive, no. 14211).
	Funerary Variability in Late Geometric Attica and its Implications: A Closer Look at the Neglected Late 8th-century Cremations
		Alexandra Alexandridou
			Figure 1. List of Late Geometric II burials in Athens (C. Apostolou).
			Figure 2. List of Late Geometric II burials in Attica (C. Apostolou).
			Figure 3. Clay finds from the secondary cremation at Meidani Street (after Stavropoullos 1964: pl. 55).
			Figure 4. Plan of the excavated part of the necropolis at Oinoe of Marathon (after Arapogianni 1985: 210-11, plan 2).
			Figure 5. Trachones Necropolis, Section Ξ (after Geroulanos 1973: fig. 3).
			Figure 6. Plan of the excavated burial plot at Chalandri showing the grave with the remains of primary cremation (ΠΥΡ Ε) (after Pologiorgi 2003-2009: 146, plan 2).
			Figure 7. The primary cremation E I 1 with the offering trench and the pyre at Chalandri (after Pologiorgi 2003-2009: 182, fig. 57).
			Figure 8. Plan of the necropolis at Kavalotti Street (after Stavropoullos 1965: 77, fig. 25).
			Figure 1. Map of the Mesogeia area in Attica with the five cemeteries.
	Mortuary Practices in the Ancient Rural Demoi of Southeastern Attica under the Light of Recent Evidence from Five Cemeteries in Mesogaia
		Panagiota Galiatsatou
			Figure 3. White lekythos, 450-445 BC. Toulas cemetery.
			Figure 2. Toulas cemetery.
			Figure 4. White lekythos, 2nd quarter of 5th century BC. Agios Andreas, Koropi.
			Figure 6. Pousi Ledi I. Grave 17.
			Figure 5. Pousi Ledi I.
			Figure 7. Pousi Ledi II.
			Figure 8. Gravestone of Menon. Toulas cemetery.
			Figure 9. Marble sphinx, late 5th century BC. Peristeropoulos cemetery.
			Figure 10. Black-figure Deianeira lekythos c. 580-570 BC. Toulas cemetery.
			Figure 11. Clay urn, last quarter of 5th century BC. On the body: ΑΡΙΣΤ[ΟΣ] ΗΟΕΘΕΝ. On the lid: ΑΡΙΣΤΟΣ ΗΟΕ. Toulas cemetery.
			Figure 12. Pousi Ledi II. Grave 3.
			Figure 13. Pousi Ledi I. Part of ancient road.
	Urbanism and its Impact on Human Health and Diet: A Preliminary Study of the Human Remains from Hellenistic to Late Antique Knossos, Crete
		Anna Moles
			Figure 1. Proportion of recorded skeletal elements per age-at-death category for each time period.
			Figure 2. Proportion of minimum numbers of individuals (MNI) per age-at-death category for each time period.
			Figure 3. Prevalence of caries, calculus and antemortem tooth loss (AMTL) by time period.
			Figure 4. Prevalence of caries, calculus and antemortem tooth loss (AMTL) by sex.
			Figure 5. Average long bone lengths for each time period.
			Figure 6. Average metacarpal (MC) and metatarsal (MT) lengths for each time period.
			Figure 7. Prevalence of osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc disease and Entheseal changes by time period.
Social Identity and Treatment in Death
	Defining Social Identities at Cemeteries of Late Classical Argos: Age- and Gender-Groups on the Basis of Distinctive Funerary Gifts
		Georgia Ivou
			Figure 1. Kostakis plot, grave 33. Vases from the grave (© Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of Argolid/Archaeological Receipts Fund).
			Figure 2. Kostakis plot, grave 33. Lebes gamikos, side A (© Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of Argolid/Archaeological Receipts Fund).
			Figure 3. Kostakis plot, grave 33. Lebes gamikos, side B (© Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of Argolid/Archaeological Receipts Fund).
			Figure 4. Katsanos plot, grave 36. Black – glazed vases from the grave (© Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of Argolid/Archaeological Receipts Fund).
			Figure 5. Katsanos plot, grave 36. Terracotta figurine BE06/289, front view (© Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of Argolid/Archaeological Receipts Fund).
			Figure 6. Katsanos plot, grave 36. Terracotta figurine BE06/289, side view (© Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of Argolid/Archaeological Receipts Fund).
			Figure 7. Katsanos plot, grave 36. Terracotta figurine BE06/289, detail (© Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of Argolid/Archaeological Receipts Fund).
			Figure 8. Katsanos plot, grave 36. Terracotta figurine BE06/290 (© Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of Argolid/Archaeological Receipts Fund).
	Pot Burials in Ancient Thera: The Presence of Infants in the Cemeteries of the Ancient City from 8th to 6th Century BC
		Olga Kaklamani
			Figure 1. Location of the cemeteries of the ancient city of Thera.
			Figure 2. Burial practice and grave type in the cemetery of Mesa Vouno.
			Figure 3. Burial practice and grave type in the cemetery of Sellada.
			Figure 4. Shapes of the burial pots in the cemetery of Mesa Vouno.
			Figure 5. Shapes of the burial pots in the cemetery of Sellada.
			Figure 6. Pot burial in Sellada (from Zapheiropoulos 1975: fig. 214a).
			Figure 7. Spatial distribution of infant graves in the cemetery of Mesa Vouno (after Pfuhl 1903).
			Figure 8. Comparative analysis of the number of infants per burial and per cemetery.
	Premature Death and Burial in Classical and Hellenistic Attica
		Nikolas Dimakis
			Figure 1. Section of Heriai Pylai Cemetery, Athens, 22 Kriezi and Psaromiliggou (after Karagiorga-Stathakopoulou 1987: 23-4, plan 6; © Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of the City of Athens/Archaeological Receipts Fund).
			Figure 2. Child burials in peri-urban space: child burials by a section of the Long Walls at Neo Plaleron, A.Papandreou Str. (after Petritaki 2014; © Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of West Attica, Piraeus and Islands/Archaeologic
			Figure 3. Child burial in peri-urban space: Hellenistic (?) child burial by a section of Athens’ fortification wall at Theseion, 37 Poulopoulou Str. (after Lygkouri-Tolia 2004: 72, plan 6; © Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of the Ci
			Figure 4. Child burial in urban space: intramural well (‘Bone Well’) with infant remains in the Athenian Agora (from Liston et al. 2018: fig. 1; © Reproduction is courtesy of the Trustees of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens).
			Figure 5. Child burial in urban space: intra domus (map after Google Earth).
			Figure 6. Child burials: the mortuary record.
Monumental Commemoration and Identity
	The Creation of a Deathscape: The Monumental Tomb at Agios Milianos in Lindos
		Vasiliki Brouma
			Figure 1. Plan and section of the circular tomb at Agios Milianos in Lindos (after Dyggve and Poulsen 1960: pl. XIII, A).
			Figure 2. Plan of the tomb of Menecrates at Corfu (after Crome 1964: pl. 18a).
			Figure 3. The position of the Aghios Milianos rotunda in the Lindian bay (left) in reference to the acropolis and the modern settlement (right). Photograph taken from the middle of the modern pathway leading to the tomb (photo: V. Brouma).
	Building for the mos Romanus in the Peloponnese: The Columbaria Monuments
		Georgios Doulfis
			Figure 1. Map with mentioned sites where columbaria have been found (map: G. Doulfis).
			Figure 2. The distribution of the columbaria in the Peloponnese (map: G. Doulfis).
			Figure 3. The columbarium at Vassilopoulos’ plot, Patras (after Alexopoulou 1995: pl. 82α).
			Figure 4. The columbarium at Cheliotomylos, Corinth (© American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Archives, Dorothy Burr Thompson Photographic Collection, #2450).
			Figure 5. The columbarium at Zarax, Laconia (photo: G. Doulfis).
			Figure 6. The columbarium at Akriai, Laconia (photo: G. Doulfis).
			Figure 7. Columbarium at Mavrovouni near Gytheion, Laconia, at ’50s (© British School at Athens, Archive, no. BSA_HS_LAKII.Temp.34).
			Figure 8. Columbarium near the modern mole of Plytra, ancient Asopos, Laconia (photo: G. Doulfis).
			Figure 9. Detail of the columbarium near the modern mole of Plytra, ancient Asopos, Laconia (photo: G. Doulfis).
			Figure 10. Columbarium in Venetsanaki’s-Vraimaki’s property in Plytra, ancient Asopos, Laconia (© Archive of the Ephorate of Antiquities at Laconia, photograph by the excavators A. Themos and E. Zavvou).
	Mortuary Practices at Roman Sparta
		Maria Tsouli
			Figure 1. National Road Leuctro-Sparta. Site ST 2, X.Th. 41+960, Ekklesies of Voutianoi. Aerial view of the southern  funerary building and the ancient road leading from Sparta to Megalopolis and from Sparta to Tegea (© Photographic Archive of the Ephorat
			Figure 2. National Road Leuctro-Sparta. Sites ST 3, 4, 5, X. Th. 41+860, Ekklesies of Voutianoi. View of the northern  monumental funerary building with marble sarcophagi (© Photographic Archive of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Laconia).
			Figure 3. Ekklesies of Voutianoi, northern funerary building. Sarcophagus with depiction of the battle between Greeks and Amazons (© Photographic Archive of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Laconia).
			Figure 4. Ekklesies of Voutianoi, northern funerary building. Sarcophagus with depiction of scenes with Dionysus, satyrs and cupids. Dionysus and satyr from the back side of the sarcophagus. Cover of the Kline-type (bottom left) (photos: M. Tsouli).
			Figure 5. Ekklesies of Voutianoi, northern funerary building. Sarcophagus with depiction of scenes with Dionysus, satyrs and cupids. The cupids from the frontal side of the sarcophagus (photos: M. Tsouli).
			Figure 6. Ekklesies of Voutianoi, northern funerary building. Sarcophagus with depiction of the abduction of Ganymedes by Zeus in form of an eagle, accompanied by cupids. Cover in form of a two-isled roof (top left) (photo: M. Tsouli).
			Figure 7. Topographical plan of Sparta. The plots where cemeteries and funerary monuments of the Roman period have been excavated are mentioned in blue triangles (drawing: M. Tsouli).
			Figure 8. Sparta, Katsaris plot. The eastern part of the Roman Southwest Cemetery (© Photographic Archive of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Laconia).
			Figure 9. Sparta, Students’ Studio – Mitris plot. Part of the Southeast Cemetery with an elaborate funerary building (© Photographic Archive of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Laconia).
			Figure 10. Sparta, Halkiadiakis and Sourlis plots. Findings from Roman pit graves: sheets of gold, a silver leaf-shaped fibula and iron nails (photos: M. Tsouli).
			Figure 11. Topographical plan of Sparta. The routes of Aphetais Road and Hyakinthis Road as well as Karavassos plot are mentioned in color (drawing: M. Tsouli).
			Figure 12. Sparta, Karavassos plot. Part of a Roman monumental funerary building (photo: M. Tsouli).
	Burial Monumentality and Funerary Associations in Roman Kos
		Nikolas Dimakis and Vassiliki Christopoulou
			Figure 1. Map of Kos with the plot (map: V. Christopoulou and D. Grigoropoulos).
			Figure 2. Plan of the excavation. The graves are indicated in yellow colour (© Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of Dodecanese).
			Figure 3. The Roman burial monument with the six thekai before (A) and following their excavation (B). View from the north (photos: V. Christopoulou).
			Figure 4. Theke 2 from the north. Skeletal remains and cluster of 13 lamps by the theke’s entrance (photo: V. Christopoulou).
			Figure 5. Theke 5, view from the south (photo: V. Christopoulou).
			Figure 6. Theke 6, view from the north (photo: V. Christopoulou).
			Figure 7. Clay tube and the two grave stelai outside theke 6 (photo: V. Christopoulou).
			Figure 8. Clay tube and the grave stele outside the monument’s south wall (photo: V. Christopoulou).
			Figure 9. Grave stele [ΑΠ]ΟΛΛΩΝΙΟΥ (photo: V. Christopoulou).
			Figure 10. Grave stele ΑΠΟΛΩΝΙΟΥ (photo: V. Christopoulou).
			Figure 11. Inscribed grave stele (photo: V. Christopoulou).
			Figure 12. The deposit of approximately 450 lamps, view from the east (photo: V. Christopoulou).
			Figure 13. Lamps from the deposit (photo: V. Christopoulou).
	Grave Markers (Semata) of the Koan Necropoleis (3rd century BC-3rd century AD)
		Chrysanthi Tsouli
			Figure 1. Archaic grave relief from Kos town. Kos Museum no. 30 (© Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of Dodecanese/Archaeological Receipts Fund).
			Figure 2. Relief grave stele, depicting mistress and maid. Inv. no. E199  (© Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of Dodecanese/Archaeological Receipts Fund).
			Figure 3. Banquet relief in the Neratzia Castle, Kos (© Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of Dodecanese/Archaeological Receipts Fund).
			Figure 4. Relief grave stele depicting a nursing mother, Kos Museum. Inv. no. E20 (© Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of Dodecanese/Archaeological Receipts Fund).
			Figure 5. Grave relief of the gladiator Ounion, Neratzia Castle, Kos. Inv. no. E219 (© Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of Dodecanese/Archaeological Receipts Fund).
			Figure 6. The typology of Koan gravemarkers
			Figure 7. The typology of Koan grave stelai (drawing: A. Ginti)
			Figure 8. The typology of Koan rectangular altars (drawing: Chr. Tsouli)
			Figure 9. The typology of Koan cylindrical altars (drawing: Chr. Tsouli)
			Figure 10. Funerary altar from Pyli, Kos. Inv. no. 1517 (© Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of Dodecanese/Archaeological Receipts Fund).
			Figure 11. Marble krater from Kamari, Kephalos, Kos. Inv. no. Γ1041 (© Ministry of Culture and Sports/Ephorate of Antiquities of Dodecanese/Archaeological Receipts Fund).