Monitoring Student Achievement in the 21st Century: European Policy Perspectives and Assessment Strategies

Monitoring Student Achievement in the 21st Century
	Contents
	About the Contributors
	Chapter 1: Introduction to Monitoring Student Achievement in the Twenty-First Century
		References
	Part I
	Chapter 2: International Student Assessment: Aims, Approaches and Challenges
		Introduction
		International Student Assessments: An Overview
		Approaches to International Student Assessment: PISA Case Study
		How PISA Differs from Other International Student Assessment Studies
		Challenges for the Future of International Student Assessments
			Responding to Economic, Social and Technological Changes
			Making Assessment Relevant for All
			Making Results Useful for All Stakeholders
			Improving Test and Questionnaire Reliability
			Drawing Causal Inferences
			Enhancing Transparency and Communication
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: History and Current State of International Student Assessment
		The Beginning
		Developments from the 1980s Onwards
		Rankings
		The Empirical Turn
		Developments from 2000 Onwards
		PISA and IEA Studies: Different Paradigms
		Current Participation
		Future Outlook
		References
	Chapter 4: Methodological Challenges of International Student Assessment
		Introduction
		Adopting New Constructs
		Consideration of Performance Heterogeneity
		Measurement and Statistical Modelling of Context Variables
		Transparency of Data and Methods
		Validation of Test Score Interpretations
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 5: The Assessment Landscape in the United States: From Then to the Future
		Assessment in Elementary and Secondary Schools
		Elementary and Secondary School Assessment
		Assessment in Workforce
		An Innovative Workforce Assessment System: Training Assessment Framework (TAF)
		Critical Discussion
		References
	Part II
	Chapter 6: Monitoring Student Achievement in Austria: Implementation, Results and Political Reactions
		Introduction
			The Education System in Austria
			Developing and Implementing Achievement Monitoring
		International and National Assessments Today
		Key Findings of International and National Assessments in Austria
			High Rate of Low-Performing Students
			Low Equity in Education
		How to Go Further?
		References
	Chapter 7: Use of Assessments to Inform Educational Policies in French-Speaking Belgium
		Introduction
		The History of International Assessments
		International and/or National Assessments Today
		An Example in Question: PISA Results and Their Links with Educational Policies
		Achievement
		Socioeconomic Gap
		Segregation
		How to Go Further? Critical Discussion
		Between PISA 2000 and 2015: Change in Educational Policies
			No Change in Curricula
			Change in Terms of Governance
			Equity and Segregation: Structural Reforms
		References
	Chapter 8: International and National Assessments in Croatia
		Introduction to International and National Assessment Context and Its History in Croatia
		International and National Assessments in Croatia Today
		Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)
		Croatian Results
		How to Go Further?
		References
	Chapter 9: The Evolution of National and International Assessment in England
		Education in England
		Early Development of National Assessments in England
		Changes to the National Assessment System in England
		Phonics Screening Check
		Phonics Screening Check and Relationship to PIRLS 2016
		England’s Involvement in International Assessments
		Reading as Defined in England’s National Curriculum and in PIRLS
		Reading as Assessed in England’s National Curriculum and in PIRLS
			Assessment Frameworks
			Purposes
			Formats
			Demand of the Assessments
		Comparing Reading Achievement in England’s National Assessments and PIRLS
			Trends in Achievement
			Proportions Achieving the Standards
		Possible Next Steps in England’s Primary Assessment System
		References
	Chapter 10: Educational Assessment in Estonia
		Introduction to International and National Assessment Context and Its History in Estonia
			Estonia and Its School System
		National and International Assessments
			Findings of International Assessments
		How to Go Further? Where Next?
		References
	Chapter 11: Educational Assessment in Finland
		Introduction
		Introduction to the National and International Assessment Context and Its History in Finland
		National and International Assessment in Finland Today
			National Assessments
			International Assessments
		An Example: Oversampling PISA 2012 in Finland
		Critical Discussion of the Country’s Assessment Policies, Practices and Results
		References
	Chapter 12: Educational Assessment in Germany
		Introduction
			The Education System in Germany
			History of Participation in International Assessments in Germany
		Educational Monitoring and Policy Documents, Perspectives and Assessment Strategies in Germany
		International and National Assessments Today
		An Example of International Assessment Findings: PIRLS
		Critical Discussion
		References
	Chapter 13: The Hungarian Educational Assessment System
		Introduction to the International Assessment Context and Its History in Hungary
			International and National Studies Before the Millennium
			International and National Assessments in the New Millennium
			International Assessments Today
		An Example: The Issue of Equity in the Hungarian School System
		Policy Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 14: Educational Assessment in Iceland
		Introduction
		Assessment, Testing and Grading
		Relevant Research Findings
		Discussion
		References
	Chapter 15: The Long March Towards School and Student Assessment in Italy
		The Participation of Italy in the IEA and OECD Assessments
		The Birth of the National Assessment System in Italy Between Obstacles and Delays
		The “New” Italian National Evaluation System (SNV)
		The “Literacy Divide”: Performance Gaps Among Italian Regions
		The Influence of International and National Assessments on Italian School Policies
		References
	Chapter 16: Large-Scale Assessments in the Norwegian Context
		Introduction to National and International Large-Scale Assessments in Norway
		Large-Scale Assessments in Norway Today
			The National Exit Exams
			National Assessments
			The Mapping Tests
			The Student Survey
		ILSAs in Norway
			Some Key Results from ILSAs
			Long-Term Developments in Norwegian ILSA Results
			Equity in Norway
			Public Debates Around ILSAs
		Discussion: Towards a More Holistic Assessment System
		References
	Chapter 17: International Large-Scale Assessments: Trends and Effects on the Portuguese Public Education System
		The Portuguese Education System
			International Assessments Today
			Portugal Performance on the ILSAs
		Impacts of ILSAs on the Portuguese Education System
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 18: International Assessment Studies in Serbia Between Traditional Solutions, Unexpected Achievements and High Expectations
		The History and the Context of International Assessment in Serbia
		Highlights of the Educational System in Serbia
		Lack of the Assessment Learning System
		Snapshot of Findings of the International Assessment Studies
		International Assessment Today in Serbia: Ongoing Studies and Challenges in its Implementation
		Low Achievement and Great Progress in Reading: Possible Explanations of Unexpected Findings
			Possible Explanations of Significant Progress
			Why Is the Average Achievement in Serbia Below the International Average?
			Which Factors (Could) Explain the Progress That Has Been Made?
		Where to Look for a Recipe for Better Achievement?
		What Has Been Done So Far?
		What Is Left: Unexploited Potentials of the International Assessment Studies
		References
	Chapter 19: Assessment Policy and Practice of Slovenia
		The Education System of the Republic of Slovenia
		Introduction to the International and National Assessment Contexts and Their History
			International and National Assessments in Slovenia Today
		An Example of International and National Assessment Findings: The PISA Study
		How to Go Further? A Critical Discussion of Assessment Policies, Practices and Results
		References
	Chapter 20: Monitoring of Student Achievement in Spain
		Introduction to the Spanish Education System
		A Brief History
		The Current Situation
		Main Findings, Inputs and Debates
		How to Go Further? Challenges and Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 21: Student Assessment in the Landscape of International Large-Scale Studies
		Swedish Compulsory Education
		International Assessment Context and Its History in Sweden
		International Assessments in Sweden Today
			Using ILSAs as a Tool for Monitoring Performance: an Example of International Assessment Findings in Sweden
		Discussion and Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 22: European Monitoring of Student Achievement in the Twenty-First Century: Summary and Outlook
		Reference
	Correction to: Assessment Policy and Practice of Slovenia