Modern Techniques in Biosensors: Detection Methods and Commercial Aspects

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Current Developments in Diagnostic Biosensor Technology: Relevance to Therapeutic Intervention of Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of Human
	1 Introduction
	2 Design and Mechanism of Function of Diagnostic Biosensors
		2.1 Design of Biosensing Devices
		2.2 Signal Transduction Technology for Biosensing Devices
		2.3 Modern-Age Biosensors
	3 Biomarkers
	4 Biosensing for Diagnosing Human Inflammatory Diseases
	5 Biosensors for Diagnosing Infectious Diseases of Human
	6 Advantages and Drawbacks
	7 Conclusion and Future Directions
	References
Design and Analysis of a Capacitive MEMS Accelerometer as a Wearable Sensor in Identifying Low-Frequency Vibration Profiles
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Survey
	3 MEMS Wearable Sensor to Detect Low Frequency Tremors
		3.1 Overview of Different Principles of Mechanical Transduction
	4 Proofmass Design of a Low-Frequency MEMS Capacitive Accelerometer
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Strategies for Multiplexed Electrochemical Sensor Development
	1 Introduction
	2 Microfluidic Microsystems for Multiplexed Analysis
		2.1 Microfabricated Microsystems with Polymer-Based Microfluidics
		2.2 Paper-Based Systems
		2.3 Printed Circuit Board Technology
	3 Electrode Arrays
		3.1 Electrochemical Sequencing and Detection of Nucleic Acids
		3.2 Detection of Proteins, Pathogens, and Small Molecules
	4 Label-Assisted Multiplexing Techniques
		4.1 Use of Microbeads in Multiplexed Biosensing
		4.2 Barcoding with Redox Probes
		4.3 Enzymes
		4.4 Nanoparticles
	5 Conclusion
	References
An IoT Enabled Enzyme Embossed Biosensor for Determination of Vitamin D Level in Human Blood Sample
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Working Principle of Enzyme Based Electrochemical Sensor
		2.2 Electrode System and the IoT Enabled Biosensor for Monitoring the Reaction Rate
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Validation with Commercial Vitamin D3 Sample
		3.2 Detection of Vitamin D3 in the Serum Samples, Collected from Different Individual
	4 Conclusions
	References
Computer Aided Diagnosis: Approaches to Automate Hematological Tests
	1 Introduction
	2 Approaches in Blood Cell Anomaly Detection
	3 Image Acquisition
	4 Pre-processing of Images
	5 Determination of Region of Interest-Image Segmentation
		5.1 An Overview of the Existing Literature
		5.2 Segmentation Techniques in Blood Cell Image Analysis
	6 Feature Extraction
	7 Feature Selection
	8 Classification
		8.1 Neural Network
		8.2 Support Vector Machine
		8.3 K Nearest Neighbor
		8.4 Decision Tree
		8.5 Naive Bayes Algorithm
		8.6 Deep Learning
	9 Conclusion
	References
Magnets, Magnetism, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging: History, Basics, Clinical Aspects, and Future Directions
	1 Introduction
	2 Magnetism in Medicine
	3 MRI-A Historical Perspective
	4 How the MRI Works
	5 MRI CAs: Mode of Action, Design, and General Considerations
	6 Contrast Agents and SBM Theory
	7 Details for Clinically Approved MRI Contrast Agents
		7.1 Magnevist
		7.2 Omniscan
		7.3 Optimark
		7.4 Multihance
		7.5 Eovist
		7.6 Dotarem
		7.7 ProHance
		7.8 Gadovist
	8 MRI-Clinical Applications
	9 Future Directions and Conclusions
	References
Current Methods and Future of Tuberculosis (TB) Diagnosis
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Microscopy
		2.2 Mycobacterial Culture: Solid Media
		2.3 Mycobacterial Culture: Liquid Media
		2.4 Nucleic Acid Hybridization Probes
		2.5 Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)
		2.6 Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)
		2.7 Antigen-Based Serological Tests
		2.8 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Immunocytochemistry (ICC) Based Antigen Detection Tests
		2.9 Histopathology
		2.10 Cytology
		2.11 Antibody-Based Serological Test
		2.12 Interferon-γ Release Assays (IGRAs)
		2.13 Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Activity
		2.14 Line Probe Assays (LPA)
		2.15 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)
		2.16 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
	3 Concluding Remarks
	References
Dielectrically Modulated Bio-FET for Label-Free Detection of Bio-molecules
	1 Introduction
	2 Bio-FET: A General Survey
	3 DM Bio-FET: Working Perception and Categorizations
	4 Current Framework and Future Expectations
	References
Detecting Signature of Virus Using Metamaterial-Based One-Dimensional Multi-layer Photonic Crystal Structure Under Polarized Incidence
	1 Introduction
	2 Objective of Present Work
	3 Choice of Material
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Results for TE Mode
		4.2 Results for TM Mode
		4.3 Significance of Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Shared Medical Decision-Making and Patient-Centered Collaboration
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 SDM Application in AKD
		2.2 SDM and Patient Centered Collaboration in Diabetic Patient
		2.3 Role of Decision Aid in Implementation of SDM
		2.4 Interdependence of Evidence Based on Medicine and Shared Decision-Making
		2.5 Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Field of Medical Decision-Making
		2.6 Role of Biosensor in Shared Medical Decision-Making
	3 Method
		3.1 Case Study
		3.2 Proposed Diagram
	4 Conclusion
	References
Chemosensors Development for Selective Detection of Biologically Relevant Small Molecules and Biomolecules
	1 Introduction
	2 Fluorescent Chemosensors for Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Ions
	3 Fluorescent Chemosensors for Anions
	4 Fluorescent Chemosensors for Reactive Species
		4.1 Fluorescent Chemosensors for Reactive Oxygen Species (H2O2, HOCl, 1O2, O2⋅−,.OH)
		4.2 Fluorescent Chemosensors for Reactive Nitrogen Species (NO, HNO and ONOO−)
	5 Fluorescent Chemosensors for Biomacromolecules
	6 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Biosensor and Healthcare Vis-à-Vis Cloud Computing and IoT: Towards Sophisticated Healthcare Development—An Overview
	1 Introduction
	2 Objective
	3 Methods
		3.1 Biosensors: Basics and Technologies
		3.2 Biosensors: Applications with Reference to Medicine
	4 Technologies and Biosensors
	5 Cloud Computing, IoT: Biosensor Perspective
		5.1 CloVR: An Example of Cloud in Sensor and Health Segments
	6 Internet of Things (IoT): Overview, Functions and Framework
	7 IoT, Biosensors and Healthcare
	8 Future of Healthcare: Techno and Business Perspective
	9 Concluding Remarks
	References
Platelets in Diagnostic
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Platelet Function and Its Significance
	2 Platforms for Diagnosis of Platelet Count and Function
	3 Current Emerging Technologies for Platelet Function
	4 Global Market Status
	5 Future Prospect and Scopes
	6 Discussion
	References
Mimicking Human Kidney: Research Towards Better Solutions for Kidney Failure
	1 Introduction
	2 Replacement Techniques
	3 The Flow of Organ-On-Chip
	4 Kidney
	5 Disease Diagnosis
	6 Artificial Kidney
	7 Ultrafilter
	8 Bio-reactor
	9 Fabrication
	10 Cell Culture
	11 Conclusions
	12 Future Scope
	References