Modern Power System Analysis

Title
Contents
1. Introduction
	1.1 Electric Power System
		1.2 Indian Power Sector
			1.3 A Contemporary Perspective
				1.4 Structure of Power Systems
					1.5 Conventional Sources of Electric Energy
					1.6 Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Generation
					1.7 Geothermal Energy
					1.8 Environmental Aspects of Electric Energy Generation
					1.9 Renewable Energy Resources
				1.10 Solar Energy and its Utilisation
				1.11 Wind Power
				1.12 Biofuels
				1.13 Generating Reserve, Reliability and Certain Factors
				1.14 Energy Storage
				1.15 Energy Conservation
				1.16 Growth of Power Systems in India
				1.17 Deregulation
				1.18 Distributed and Dispersed Generation
				1.19 Power System Engineers and Power System Studies
				1.20 Use of Computers and Microprocessors
				1.21 Problems Facing Indian Power Industry and its Choices
					Problems
						Multiple Choice Questions
						References
2. Inductance and Resistance of Transmission Lines
	2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Defi nition of Inductance
			2.3 Flux Linkages of an Isolated Current-carrying Conductor
			2.4 Inductance of a Single-phase Two-wire Line
			2.5 Conductor Types
			2.6 Flux Linkages of One Conductor in Group
			2.7 Inductance of Composite Conductor Lines
			2.8 Inductance of Three-phase Lines
			2.9 Double-Circuit Three-phase Lines
		2.10 Bundled Conductors
		2.11 Resistance
		2.12 Skin Effect and Proximity Effect
		2.13 Magnetic Field Induction
		2.14 Summary
			Problems
				Multiple Choice Questions
				References
3. Capacitance of Transmission Lines
	3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Electric Field of a Long Straight Conductor
			3.3 Potential Difference between Two Conductors of a Group of Parallel Conductors
			3.4 Capacitance of a Two-wire Line
			3.5 Capacitance of a Three-phase Line with Equilateral Spacing
			3.6 Capacitance of a Three-phase Line with Unsymmetrical Spacing
			3.7 Effect of Earth on Transmission Line Capacitance
			3.8 Method of GMD (Modifi ed)
			3.9 Bundled Conductors
		3.10 Electrostatic Induction
		3.11 Summary
			Problems
				Multiple Choice Questions
				References
4. Representation of Power System Components
	4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Single-phase Representation of Balanced Three-phase Networks
			4.3 The One-Line Diagram and the Impedance or Reactance Diagram
			4.4 Per Unit (PU) System
			4.5 Complex Power
			4.6 The Steady State Model of Synchronous Machine
			4.7 Power Transformer
			4.8 Transmission of Electric Power
			4.9 System Protection
		4.10 Representation of Loads
		4.11 Summary
			Problems
				Multiple Choice Questions
				References
5. Characteristics and Performance of Power Transmission Lines
	5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Short Transmission Line
			5.3 Medium Transmission Line
			5.4 The Long Transmission Line—Rigorous Solution
			5.5 The Equivalent Circuit of a Long Line
			5.6 Interpretation of the Long Line Equations
			5.7 Ferranti Effect
			5.8 Tuned Power Lines
			5.9 Power Flow through a Transmission Line
		5.10 Methods of Voltage Control
		5.11 Summary
			Problems
				Multiple Choice Questions
				References
6. Load Flow Studies
	6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Network Model Formulation
			6.3 Formation of YBUS by Singular Transformation
			6.4 Load Flow Problem
			6.5 Gauss–Siedel Method
			6.6 Newton–Raphson Method
			6.7 Decoupled Load Flow Studies
			6.8 Comparison of Load Flow Methods
			6.9 Control of Voltage Profi le
		6.10 Load Flow under Power Electronic Control
		6.11 Summary
			Problems
				Multiple Choice Questions
				References
7. Optimal System Operation
	7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Optimal Operation of Generators on a Bus Bar
			7.3 Optimal Unit Commitment (UC)
			7.4 Reliability Considerations
			7.5 Optimal Generation Scheduling
			7.6 Optimal Load Flow Solution
			7.7 Optimal Scheduling of Hydrothermal System
			7.8 Power System Security
			7.9 Maintenance Scheduling (MS)
		7.10 Power-System Reliability
		7.11 Summary
			Problems
				Multiple Choice Questions
				References
				Annexure
8. Automatic Generation and Voltage Control
	8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Load Frequency Control (Single Area Case)
			8.3 Load Frequency Control and Economic Despatch Control
			8.4 Two-area Load Frequency Control
			8.5 Optimal (Two-area) Load Frequency Control
			8.6 Automatic Voltage Control
			8.7 Load Frequency Control with Generation Rate Constraints (GRCs)
			8.8 Speed Governor Dead-band and Its Effect on AGC
			8.9 Digital LF Controllers
		8.10 Decentralised Control
		8.11 Discrete Integral Controller for AGC
		8.12 AGC in a Restructured Power System
		8.13 Summary
			Problems
				Multiple Choice Questions
				References
9. Symmetrical Fault Analysis
	9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Transient on a Transmission Line
			9.3 Short Circuit of a Synchronous Machine (On No Load)
			9.4 Short Circuit of a Loaded Synchronous Machine
			9.5 Selection of Circuit Breakers
			9.6 Algorithm for Short Circuit Studies
			9.7 ZBUS Formulation
			9.8 Summary
				Problems
				Multiple Choice Questions
				References
10. Symmetrical Components
	10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Symmetrical Component Transformation
			10.3 Phase Shift in Star-delta Transformers
			10.4 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines
			10.5 Sequence Impedances and Sequence Network of Power System
			10.6 Sequence Impedances and Networks of Synchronous Machine
			10.7 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines
			10.8 Sequence Impedances and Networks of Transformers
			10.9 Construction of Sequence Networks of a Power System
		10.10 Summary
			Problems
				Multiple Choice Questions
					References
11. Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis
	11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Symmetrical Component Analysis of Unsymmetrical Faults
			11.3 Single Line-to-Ground (LG) Fault
			11.4 Line-to-Line (LL) Fault
			11.5 Double Line-to-Ground (LLG) Fault
			11.6 Open Conductor Faults
			11.7 Bus Impedance Matrix Method for Analysis of Unsymmetrical Shunt Faults
			11.8 Summary
				Problems
					Multiple Choice Questions
					References
12. Power System Stability
	12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Dynamics of a Synchronous Machine
			12.3 Power Angle Equation
			12.4 Node Elimination Technique
			12.5 Simple Systems
			12.6 Steady State Stability
			12.7 Transient Stability
			12.8 Equal Area Criterion
			12.9 Numerical Solution of Swing Equation
		12.10 Multimachines Stability
		12.11 Some Factors Affecting Transient Stability
		12.12 Summmary
			Problems
				Multiple Choice Questions
					References
13. Power System Transients
	13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Types of System Transients
			13.3 Travelling Waves and Propagation of Surges
			13.4 Generation of Overvoltages on Transmission Lines
			13.5 Protection of Transmission Lines against Lightning
			13.6 Protection of Power System Apparatus against Surges
			13.7 Insulation Coordination
			13.8 Lightning Phenomena
			13.9 Neutral Grounding
		13.10 Summary
			Problems
				Multiple Choice Questions
					References
14. High Voltage DC (HVDC) Transmission
	14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Convertor Basics
			14.3 Types of DC links (Transmission Modes)
			14.4 Structure of HVDC Transmission
			14.5 Principles of HVDC Control
			14.6 Economic Considerations
			14.7 HVDC Applications
			14.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of HVDC Systems
			14.9 Three-Phase Bridge Converter Performance
		14.10 Rectifi er
		14.11 Inverter
		14.12 Circuit Breaking: Some Topics in HVDC
		14.13 Recent Advances
		14.14 Future Trends
		14.15 Summary
			Problems
				Multiple Choice Questions
					References
15. Power System Security
	15.1 Introduction
		15.2 System State Classifi cation
			15.3 Security Analysis
			15.4 Contingency Analysis
			15.5 Sensitivity Factors
			15.6 Power System Voltage Stability
			15.7 Summary
				Multiple Choice Questions
					References
16. Voltage Stability
	16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Comparison of Angle and Voltage Stability
			16.3 Reactive Power Flow and Voltage Collapse
			16.4 Mathematical Formulation of Voltage Stability Problem
			16.5 Voltage Stability Analysis
			16.6 Prevention of Voltage Collapse
			16.7 State-of-the-Art, Future Trends and Challenges
			16.8 Summary
				Multiple Choice Questions
					References
					Annexure
17. An Introduction to State Estimation of Power Systems
	17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Least Squares Estimation: The Basic Solution [7] –[9]
			17.3 Static State Estimation of Power Systems [10]–[12]
			17.4 Tracking State Estimation of Power Systems [16]
			17.5 Some Computational Considerations
			17.6 External System Equivalencing [20]
			17.7 Treatment of Bad Data [21, 22]
			17.8 Network Observability and Pseudo-measurements
			17.9 Application of Power System State Estimation
				Problems
					Multiple Choice Questions
					References
18. Compensation in Power Systems
	18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Loading Capability
			18.3 Compensation
			18.4 Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTs)
			18.5 Other FACTs Devices
			18.6 Comparison between STATCOM and SVC
			18.7 Performance of FACTs Devices
			18.8 Cost Comparison among UPFC and SVC
			18.9 Equivalent Circuit for FACTs Controller
		18.10 Benefi ts and Applications
		18.11 Summary
			Multiple Choice Questions
				References
19. Load Forecasting Technique
	19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Forecasting Methodology
			19.3 Estimation of Average and Trend Terms
			19.4 Estimation of Periodic Components
			19.5 Estimation of ys (k): Time Series Approach
			19.6 Estimation of Stochastic Component: Kalman Filtering Approach
			19.7 Long-term Load Predictions Using Econometric Models
			19.8 Reactive Load Forecast
			19.9 Summary
				Revieq Questions
					Multiple Choice Questions
					References
Appendix A: Introduction to Vector and Matrix Algebra
Appendix B: Generalised Circuit Constants
Appendix C: Triangular Factorisation and Optimal Ordering
Appendix D: Elements of Power System Jacobian Matrix
Appendix E: Kuhn-Tucker Theorem
Appendix F: Real-time Computer Control of Power Systems
Appendix G: Some Aspects of Smart Grid
Appendix H: Introduction to MATLAB and SIMULINK
Appendix I: Substations
Appendix J: Convergence of Load Flow Methods
Appendix K: Power Quality: An Overview
Appendix L: Recent Trends in Power System Communication
Appendix M: Restructured and Deregulated Power System
Appendix N: Power System Reliability Studies
Appendix O: Emission Control
Appendix P: Generator Maintenance Scheduling
Annexure 1.1
Answers to Problems
Answers to MCQ’s
Index