Modern Power System Analysis

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Authors
Chapter 1: General Considerations of Bulk Power Systems
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Recent Development
	1.3 System Planning
Chapter 2: Basic Concepts and Power System Modeling
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Complex Power in Balanced Transmission Lines
	2.3 One-Line Diagram
	2.4 Per-Unit System
		2.4.1 Single-Phase System
		2.4.2 Converting from per-Unit Values to Physical Values
		2.4.3 Change of Base
		2.4.4 Three-Phase Systems
	2.5 Constant Impedance Representation of Loads
	2.6 Three-Winding Transformers
	2.7 Autotransformers
	2.8 Delta-Wye and Wye-Delta Transformations
	2.9 Short-Circuit MVA and Equivalent Impedance
		2.9.1 Three-Phase Short-Circuit MVA
		2.9.2 Single-Phase-to-Ground Short-Circuit MVA
Chapter 3: Steady-State Performance of Transmission Lines
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Conductor Size
	3.3 Transmission Line Constants
	3.4 Resistance
	3.5 Inductance and Inductive Reactance
		3.5.1 Single-Phase Overhead Lines
		3.5.2 Three-Phase Overhead Lines
	3.6 Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance
		3.6.1 Single-Phase Overhead Lines
		3.6.2 Three-Phase Overhead Lines
	3.7 Tables of Line Constants
	3.8 Equivalent Circuits for Transmission Lines
	3.9 Transmission Lines
		3.9.1 Short Transmission Lines (up to 50 mi or 80 km)
		3.9.2 Steady-State Power Limit
		3.9.3 Percent Voltage Regulation
		3.9.4 Representation of Mutual Impedance of Short Lines
	3.10 Medium-Length Transmission Lines (up to 150 mi or 240 km)
	3.11 Long Transmission Lines (above 150 mi or 240 km)
		3.11.1 Equivalent Circuit of Long Transmission Line
		3.11.2 Incident and Reflected Voltages of Long Transmission Line
		3.11.3 Surge Impedance Loading of Transmission Line
	3.12 General Circuit Constants
		3.12.1 Determination of A, B, C, and D Constants
		3.12.2 Measurement of ABCD Parameters by Test
		3.12.3 ABCD Constants of Transformer
		3.12.4 Asymmetrical π and T Networks
		3.12.5 Networks Connected in Series
		3.12.6 Networks Connected in Parallel
		3.12.7 Terminated Transmission Line
		3.12.8 Power Relations Using A, B, C, and D Line Constants
	3.13 EHV Underground Cable Transmission
	3.14 Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines
	3.15 Bundled Conductors
	3.16 Effect of Ground on Capacitance of Three-Phase Lines
	3.17 Environmental Effects of Overhead Transmission Lines
Chapter 4: Disturbance of Normal and Abnormal Operating Conditions
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 State of the Art
	4.3 Fault Analysis and Fault Types
	4.4 Balanced Three-Phase Faults at no Load
	4.5 Fault Interruption
	4.6 Balanced Three-Phase Faults at Full Load
	4.7 Application of Current-Limiting Reactors
	4.8 Insulators
		4.8.1 Types of Insulators
		4.8.2 Testing of Insulators
		4.8.3 Voltage Distribution over a String of Suspension Insulators
		4.8.4 Insulator Flashover due to Contamination
		4.8.5 Insulator Flashover on Overhead High-Voltage DC Lines
	4.9 Grounding
		4.9.1 Electric Shock and its Effects on Humans
		4.9.2 Reduction of Factor CS
		4.9.3 Ground Potential Rise (GPR) and Ground Resistance
		4.9.4 Ground Resistance
		4.9.5 Soil Resistivity Measurements
	4.10 Substation Grounding
	4.11 Ground Conductor Sizing Factors
	4.12 Mesh Voltage Design Calculations
	4.13 Step Voltage Design Calculations
	4.14 Types of Ground Faults
		4.14.1 Line-to-Line-to-Ground Fault
		4.14.2 Single-Line-to-Ground Fault
	4.15 Ground Potential Rise
	4.16 Transmission Line Grounds
	4.17 Types of Grounding
Chapter 5: Symmetrical Components and Sequence Impedances
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Symmetrical Components
	5.3 Operator “a”
	5.4 Resolution of Three-Phase Unbalanced System of Phasors into its Symmetrical Components
	5.5 Power in Symmetrical Components
	5.6 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines
		5.6.1 Sequence Impedances of Untransposed Lines
		5.6.2 Sequence Impedances of Transposed Lines
		5.6.3 Electromagnetic Unbalances due to Untransposed Lines
		5.6.4 Sequence Impedance of Untransposed Line with Overhead Ground Wire
	5.7 Sequence Capacitances of Transmission Line
		5.7.1 Three-Phase Transmission Line Without Overhead Ground Wire
		5.7.2 Three-Phase Transmission Line with Overhead Ground Wire
	5.8 Sequence Impedances of Synchronous Machines
	5.9 Zero-Sequence Networks
	5.10 Sequence Impedances of Transformers
Chapter 6: Analysis of Unbalanced Faults
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Shunt Faults
		6.2.1 SLG Fault
		6.2.2 Line-to-Line Fault
		6.2.3 DLG Fault
		6.2.4 Symmetrical Three-Phase Faults
		6.2.5 Unsymmetrical Three-Phase Faults
	6.3 Generalized Fault Diagrams for Shunt Faults
	6.4 Series Faults
		6.4.1 One Line Open
		6.4.2 Two Lines Open
	6.5 Determination of Sequence Network Equivalents for Series Faults
		6.5.1 Brief Review of Two-Port Theory
		6.5.2 Equivalent Zero-Sequence Networks
		6.5.3 Equivalent Positive- and Negative-Sequence Networks
	6.6 Generalized Fault Diagram for Series Faults
	6.7 System Grounding
	6.8 Elimination of SLG Fault Current by Using Peterson Coils
	6.9 Six-Phase Systems
		6.9.1 Application of Symmetrical Components
		6.9.2 Transformations
		6.9.3 Electromagnetic Unbalance Factors
		6.9.4 Transposition of the Six-Phase Lines
		6.9.5 Phase Arrangements
		6.9.6 Overhead Ground Wires
		6.9.7 Double-Circuit Transmission Lines
Chapter 7: Power Flow Analysis
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 State of the Art
	7.3 Causes of Nonconvergent Power Flow Cases
	7.4 Formulating a Power Flow Problem
	7.5 Sign of Real and Reactive Powers
	7.6 Gauss Iterative Method
	7.7 Gauss-Seidal Iterative Method
	7.8 Application of Gauss-Seidal Method Using Ybus
	7.9 Application of Acceleration Factors
	7.10 Special Features
		7.10.1 LTC Transformers
		7.10.2 Phase-Shifting Transformers
		7.10.3 Area Power Interchange Control
	7.11 Application of Gauss-Seidal Method Using Zbus
	7.12 Newton-Raphson Method
	7.13 Application of Newton-Raphson Method
		7.13.1 Power Flow Formulation in Rectangular Coordinates
		7.13.2 Power Flow Formulation in Polar Coordinates
	7.14 Decoupled Power Flow Method
	7.15 Fast Decoupled Power Flow Method
	7.16 The DC Power Flow Method
Chapter 8: Power System Restoration
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 General Restoration Procedure
		8.2.1 Preparation
		8.2.2 System Restoration
		8.2.3 Load Restoration
	8.3 General Strategy of Restoration with Different Systems
		8.3.1 Thermal Systems
		8.3.2 Hydro Systems
		8.3.3 Hydro-Thermal Systems
		8.3.4 General Guideline of Restoration
		8.3.5 General Methodology of Restoration
	8.4 Characteristics of Generating Unites Relevant to Restoration
		8.4.1 Steam Unit
		8.4.2 Combustion Turbine Unit
		8.4.3 Nuclear Unit
		8.4.4 A Generic Method for Generating Unit’s Startup
	8.5 Constraints during Restoration
		8.5.1 Active Power Balance and Frequency Control
		8.5.2 Reactive Power Balance and Overvoltage Control
		8.5.3 Switching Transient Voltage
		8.5.4 Self Excitation
		8.5.5 Cold Load Pickup
		8.5.6 System Stability
		8.5.7 Protective Systems and Local Control
		8.5.8 System Sectionalizing and Reconfiguration
		8.5.9 Load Restoration
	8.6 Restoration Strategies in Industry
		8.6.1 System Restoration Strategy in PJM
		8.6.2 System Restoration Strategy in Hydro-Quebec
		8.6.3 Restoration Process of AEP
	8.7 Examples
		8.7.1 Illustrative Example for Restoring an Interconnected System
		8.7.2 Illustrative Example for Restoring Generating Units
References
Index