Modern Hindi grammar

ModernHindiGrammar.pdf......Page 0
Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
Abbreviations......Page 14
References......Page 15
1.2. Dialects and Classification......Page 20
2. Phonology......Page 30
Oral Vowels......Page 31
Nasal Vowels......Page 33
Stops and Affricates......Page 34
Fricatives......Page 36
fact......Page 44
Contrastive and Emphatic Intonation......Page 47
The consonant na /n/ of a numeral system is lost before any numeral suffix beginning with /t t-, r r-, h h-/ is added.......Page 49
-AaoM -õ......Page 55
Oh boy......Page 56
3.1.2.3. The Postposition sao se......Page 66
Feminine......Page 74
Measure or worth......Page 75
The compound postposition ko $p/Baosa maoM ke ru:p/bhes mẽ expresses the meaning ‘in the form of.’......Page 79
tum......Page 94
3.2.4. Reflexive Pronouns......Page 96
3.2.5. Interrogative Pronouns......Page 97
3.2.6. Indefinite Pronouns......Page 98
3.3. Adjectives......Page 100
Minimal involves no comparison.......Page 103
Active......Page 119
In vowel-ending verb stems, the glide -ya -y is inserted before the masculine singular ending -Aa -a: is added to the verb stem.......Page 132
 m(ne( /hamne/usne/unhõne tasvi:r dekhi:.......Page 133
44. p%to poD, sao igaro haoM.......Page 134
1. (tU ) Aa /jaa /Ka /pZ, /ilaK /K,rId.......Page 136
Preceding another adverb......Page 149
 m((/tu:/vah bhi: a:ya:.......Page 158
Not......Page 160
The particle tao to is mostly used as an emphatic marker and also denotes contrast.......Page 174
3.6.4. The Particle tk tak ‘up to’......Page 176
3.6.5. The Particle Bar bhar......Page 177
3.6.6. The Particle maa~ ma:tr......Page 178
4.1.4. Adverbial Phrases......Page 195
Sometimes direct and indirect speech can be differentiated with the help of number and gender markers. For instance, the gender discrepancy between the matrix verb and the embedded verb may indicate an indirect quotation.......Page 202
Leftward movements of indirect objects......Page 205
In the formation of finite relative clauses, the relative marker jaao jo ‘who’, which is placed in front of the relativized element, the correlative marker vah vah ‘that’ is placed at the beginning of the head noun, and the second identical or co-referential noun phrase may be deleted. The forms of relative and correlative markers are given below.......Page 206
 The boy is my brother.......Page 207
The restrictive relative clauses allow three possible word orders as given above (1a-1c). The non-restrictive relative clauses are those where some extra but relevant information is provided about the antecedent head noun. They allow only one word order in which the additional information follows the head noun.......Page 208
Relativization of direct object......Page 211
It is to be noted that the condition marker Agar agar is not deleted, whereas its co-referential marker ifr phir can be deleted. The conjunction marker vana-a varna: ‘otherwise’ also is used in condition clauses.......Page 224
Demonstrative pronoun......Page 256
There is no constraint on the number of constituents of a sentence that can be questioned at one time. The multiple question-word questions are normally used at the end of the narration of a story, especially a folk tale, for checking the comprehension of the listeners.......Page 262
Notice that in (25) the generic antecedent someone is implied.......Page 288