Modern geothermal HVAC : engineering and control applications

Content: Longevity versus Energy Savings --
Engineered Failure --
Comfort Level --
Water to Water --
Hydronic Heating and Cooling --
Pool Heating --
Understanding the Geothermal Heat-Pump Concept --
General Methods of Earth Coupling --
Applications of the Various Types of Earth Coupling --
Summary from David Hoffman, PE --
Pump Sizing --
Pump Operation --
Hydronic Specialties --
Water-to-Water Heat Pumps --
Desuperheaters --
Commissioning --
Miscellaneous Efficiency Items --
Review Questions --
Cabinet Construction --
Sound Levels --
Compressor --
Fan Type --
Drain-Pan Construction --
Valve Options --
Domestic Hot-Water Options --
Integrated Pump Kits --
Flow Restrictors --
Solenoid and Proportional Valves --
Some Other Specialties --
Superefficient DC Systems --
Equipment Orientation --
Direct-Expansion Geothermal Heat Pump --
Commercial Chillers, Geothermal-Sourced --
Variable-Refrigerant-Volume Systems --
Summary --
Review Questions --
Efficiency --
First Cost --
Geology --
Maintenance --
Regulatory Requirements --
Thermal Stability --
Designing Geothermal Heat-Pump Systems --
Lessons Learned from Geothermal Projects --
Lend Lease --
New Hampshire Nursing Home --
Smart Controls --
Outside the Heat-Pump Box --
Specify the Best, and Let the Customer Decide --
Do Geothermal Systems Wear Out? --
Hydronic Geothermal? --
Agricultural Geothermal Applications --
Animals --
Fruits and Vegetables --
Dual-Purpose Wells: Geothermal and Domestic --
Riversdale Museum Standing-Column Well Installation --
YWCA in Canton, Ohio, Switches Over from Closed Loop to Open Loop by Yoder Geothermal --
Review Questions --
Closed-Loop Ground-Coupled Systems --
Surface-Water Closed-Coupled Systems --
Pump and Reinjection Earth-Coupled Systems --
Direct-Expansion Geothermal Systems --
Types of Earth and Related Conductivity --
Designing the Closed-Loop Heat Exchanger --
Open Fields/Schools --
Under Parking Lots --
Under Buildings --
Front or Back Yards --
Rights-of-Way and Under Streets --
Common Areas/Golf Courses/Parks --
Bid Specifications for Drilling --
Cooling Towers --
More on Geothermal versus Evaporative Cooling Towers --
Geothermal Case Studies --
Remediation of Failed Geothermal Systems --
Direct-Expansion Geothermal HVAC Systems --
Review Questions --
Horizontal Ground Loop --
Vertical Ground Loop --
Surface-Water Systems --
Invention of Standardized Geothermal HVAC --
Closed-Loop Design Considerations --
Thermal Conductivity Testing and Evaluation --
Design of the Heat-Exchanger Loop --
Bin Data and Degree Days --
Header Design --
Design of the Geothermal System Including the Heat-Exchanger Field --
1. Exchanger Pipe Size --
2. Borehole Size --
3. Borehole Spacing --
4. Length of Borehole per Ton --
5. Pumping Power for the Ground Loop --
Ground-Loop Guidelines --
Pipe Joining Method: Heat Fusion --
Comment from a Geothermal Expert in Switzerland --
Review Questions --
What Is a Plate-Frame Heat Exchanger? --
Electrolysis versus Chemical/Abrasive Wear and Corrosion --
Electrolysis Conditions --
When Is a Plate Heat Exchanger Required? --
Design Cost and Efficiency --
Freezing Potential --
Cleaning --
Best Uses --
Hydraulic Separators --
Review Questions --
Where Does a Standing-Column Well Fit? --
Efficiency --
First Cost --
Geology --
Maintenance --
Regulatory Issues --
Thermal Stability --
Designing a Standing-Column Well --
Standing-Column Wells in the Field --
Standing-Column Well Controls --
Offset Piping Layout --
Bleed Circuit --
Final Assembly --
What to Expect --
Regulatory Factors --
Glossary --
Review Questions --
What Is Comfort? --
Engineering Laws of Thermodynamics --
HVAC Applications of the Laws of Thermodynamics --
Heating and Cooling Load Calculations --
Manual Heat Load Calculations --
Automated Heating and Cooling Load Calculations --
Refrigeration Cycle --
Rating Refrigeration Energy Efficiency --
Heat Pumps --
Practical Applications: Effects of Building Construction and HVAC Systems --
Conclusion --
Review Questions --
Basic Hydronic Systems --
Central Plant Components --
Boilers --
Chillers --
Piping --
Pumps --
Delivery/Terminal Devices --
Accessories --
Alternative Approaches --
Hydronic Piping Systems --
Hydronic Terminal Units --
Basic Air Systems --
Refrigerant or Direct-Expansion Systems --
Choosing a System --
Review Questions --
Closed- and Open-Loop Piping Systems --
Pumps and Pumping --
Centrifugal Pumps Overview --
Centrifugal Pump Types --
Base-Mounted Centrifugal Pumps --
Vertical In-line Centrifugal Pumps --
Horizontal Base-Mounted Centrifugal Pumps --
Split-Case Centrifugal Pumps --
Wet-Rotor Centrifugal Pumps --
Hydraulic Efficiencies and the Best Efficiency Point --
Affinity Laws --
Pump Curves --
System Curves --
Parallel Pumping --
Variable-Speed Pumping --
Air Elimination --
Ways to Remove Air --
Types of Air-Removal Devices --
Expansion Control --
Air Control through Pressure Control --
Pressure Control through Air Control --
Location of Expansion Tank --
Air-Cushion Plain-Steel Expansion Tanks --
Heat Exchangers --
Types of Heat Exchangers --
Conclusion --
Review Questions --
History of Hydronic Systems --
Modern Hydronic System Innovations --
Primary-Secondary Piping --
Closely Spaced or Twin Tees --
Single-Pipe Hydronic Systems --
Single-Pipe System Design --
Temperature Management --
Secondary-Circuit Control --
Balancing and Variable-Volume Flow --
Modern Single-Pipe System: LoadMatch --
Radiant-Cooling Systems --
Chilled-Beam Systems --
Chilled Ceilings (Panels) --
Passive Chilled Beams --
Active Chilled Beams --
Chilled-Beam System Advantages --
Chilled-Water Flow --
Low-Flow Injection Pumping --
Modern Low-Flow Injection Pumping: The L0Flo System --
Chilled-Beam System Design Considerations --
Dedicated Outdoor Air System Design Guidelines --
Review Questions --
History of Control Systems --
Pneumatic Controls --
Direct Digital Controls --
Types of Control Loops --
Types of Building Automation Systems --
Review Questions --
How We Got Here --
Proper Operation and Calibration of Controls --
Natatoriums (or Indoor Swimming Pools) --
Big Picture for Thermal Advantage --
Review Questions --
Comparing Water, Air, and Refrigerant Systems --
Moving British Thermal Units around a Building --
Radiant Cooling and Chilled Beams --
Dehumidification --
Variable-Speed Technology --
Comparing Energy Efficiency --
Review Questions --
Is It Shiny? --
Commercial Geothermal HVAC Tax Incentives --
Energy-Efficient Commercial Building Tax Deductions --
Barriers to Geothermal HVAC Funding --
Some Current Funding Options --
Energy Services Companies --
Property Assessed Clean Energy Funding --
Energy-Efficiency Power Purchase Agreements --
Managed Energy Services Agreement --
Utility Involvement: On-Bill Financing by Electric Utilities --
Legislative and Political Progress --
Geothermal Exchange Organization --
GEO's Focus: Federal and State Levels --
GEO's 2012 Federal Legislative Issues --
Successful Outcomes for the Industry --
GEO Supports State Geothermal Initiatives --
Review Questions.