Modern Compressible Flow With Historical

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About The Author
Contents
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Chapter 1 Compressible Flow—Some History and Introductory Thoughts
	1.1 Historical High-Water Marks
	1.2 Definition of Compressible Flow
	1.3 Flow Regimes
	1.4 A Brief Review of Thermodynamics
	1.5 Aerodynamic Forces on a Body
	1.6 Modern Compressible Flow
	1.7 Summary
	Problems
Chapter 2 Integral Forms of the Conservation Equations for Inviscid Flows
	2.1 Philosophy
	2.2 Approach
	2.3 Continuity Equation
	2.4 Momentum Equation
	2.5 A Comment
	2.6 Energy Equation
	2.7 Final Comment
	2.8 An Application of the Momentum Equation: Jet Propulsion Engine Thrust
	2.9 Summary
	Problems
Chapter 3 One-Dimensional Flow
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 One-Dimensional Flow Equations
	3.3 Speed of Sound and Mach Number
	3.4 Some Conveniently Defined Flow Parameters
	3.5 Alternative Forms of the Energy Equation
	3.6 Normal Shock Relations
	3.7 Hugoniot Equation
	3.8 One-Dimensional Flow with Heat Addition
	3.9 One-Dimensional Flow with Friction
	3.10 Historical Note: Sound Waves and Shock Waves
	3.11 Summary
	Problems
Chapter 4 Oblique Shock and Expansion Waves
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Source of Oblique Waves
	4.3 Oblique Shock Relations
	4.4 Supersonic Flow Over Wedges and Cones
	4.5 Shock Polar
	4.6 Regular Reflection from a Solid Boundary
	4.7 Comment on Flow Through Multiple Shock Systems
	4.8 Pressure-Deflection Diagrams
	4.9 Intersection of Shocks of Opposite Families
	4.10 Intersection of Shocks of the Same Family
	4.11 Mach Reflection
	4.12 Detached Shock Wave in Front of a Blunt Body
	4.13 Three-Dimensional Shock Waves
	4.14 Prandtl–Meyer Expansion Waves
	4.15 Shock–Expansion Theory
	4.16 Historical Note: Prandtl’s Early Research on Supersonic Flows and the Origin of the Prandtl–Meyer Theory
	4.17 Summary
	Problems
Chapter 5 Quasi-One-Dimensional Flow
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Governing Equations
	5.3 Area–Velocity Relation
	5.4 Nozzles
	5.5 Diffusers
	5.6 Wave Reflection from a Free Boundary
	5.7 Summary
	5.8 Historical Note: De Laval—A Biographical Sketch
	5.9 Historical Note: Stodola and the First Definitive Supersonic Nozzle Experiments
	5.10 Summary
	Problems
Chapter 6 Differential Conservation Equations for Inviscid Flows
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Differential Equations in Conservation Form
	6.3 The Substantial Derivative
	6.4 Differential Equations in Nonconservation Form
	6.5 The Entropy Equation
	6.6 Crocco’s Theorem: A Relation Between the Thermodynamics and Fluid Kinematics of a Compressible Flow
	6.7 Historical Note: Early Development of the Conservation Equations
	6.8 Historical Note: Leonhard Euler—The Man
	6.9 Summary
	Problems
Chapter 7 Unsteady Wave Motion
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Moving Normal Shock Waves
	7.3 Reflected Shock Wave
	7.4 Physical Picture of Wave Propagation
	7.5 Elements of Acoustic Theory
	7.6 Finite (Nonlinear) Waves
	7.7 Incident and Reflected Expansion Waves
	7.8 Shock Tube Relations
	7.9 Finite Compression Waves
	7.10 Summary
	Problems
Chapter 8 General Conservation Equations Revisited: Velocity Potential Equation
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Irrotational Flow
	8.3 The Velocity Potential Equation
	8.4 Historical Note: Origin of the Concepts of Fluid Rotation and Velocity Potential
	Problems
Chapter 9 Linearized Flow
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Linearized Velocity Potential Equation
	9.3 Linearized Pressure Coefficient
	9.4 Linearized Subsonic Flow
	9.5 Improved Compressibility Corrections
	9.6 Linearized Supersonic Flow
	9.7 Critical Mach Number
	9.8 Summary
	9.9 Historical Note: The 1935 Volta Conference—Threshold to Modern Compressible Flow with Associated Events Before and After
	9.10 Historical Note: Prandtl—A Biographical Sketch
	9.11 Historical Note: Glauert—A Biographical Sketch
	9.12 Summary
	Problems
Chapter 10 Conical Flow
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Physical Aspects of Conical Flow
	10.3 Quantitative Formulation (After Taylor and Maccoll)
	10.4 Numerical Procedure
	10.5 Physical Aspects of Supersonic Flow Over Cones
	Problems
Chapter 11 Numerical Techniques for Steady Supersonic Flow
	11.1 An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics
	11.2 Philosophy of the Method of Characteristics
	11.3 Determination of the Characteristic Lines: Two-Dimensional Irrotational Flow
	11.4 Determination of the Compatibility Equations
	11.5 Unit Processes
	11.6 Regions of Influence and Domains of Dependence
	11.7 Supersonic Nozzle Design
	11.8 Method of Characteristics for Axisymmetric Irrotational Flow
	11.9 Method of Characteristics for Rotational (Nonisentropic and Nonadiabatic) Flow
	11.10 Three-Dimensional Method of Characteristics
	11.11 Introduction to Finite Differences
	11.12 Maccormack’s Technique
	11.13 Boundary Conditions
	11.14 Stability Criterion: The CFL Criterion
	11.15 Shock Capturing versus Shock Fitting; Conservation versus Nonconservation Forms of the Equations
	11.16 Comparison of Characteristics and Finite-Difference Solutions with Application to the Space Shuttle
	11.17 Historical Note: The First Practical Application of the Method of Characteristics to Supersonic Flow
	11.18 Summary
	Problems
Chapter 12 The Time-Marching Technique: With Application to Supersonic Blunt Bodies and Nozzles
	12.1 Introduction to the Philosophy of Time- Marching Solutions for Steady Flows
	12.2 Stability Criterion
	12.3 The Blunt Body Problem—Qualitative Aspects and Limiting Characteristics
	12.4 Newtonian Theory
	12.5 Time-Marching Solution of the Blunt Body Problem
	12.6 Results for the Blunt Body Flowfield
	12.7 Time-Marching Solution of Two- Dimensional Nozzle Flows
	12.8 Other Aspects of the Time-Marching Technique; Artificial Viscosity
	12.9 Historical Note: Newton’s Sine-Squared Law—Some Further Comments
	12.10 Summary
	Problems
Chapter 13 Three-Dimensional Flow
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Cones at Angle of Attack: Qualitative Aspects
	13.3 Cones at Angle of Attack: Quantitative Aspects
	13.4 Blunt-Nosed Bodies at Angle of Attack
	13.5 Stagnation and Maximum Entropy Streamlines
	13.6 Comments and Summary
	Problems
Chapter 14 Transonic Flow
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Some Physical Aspects of Transonic Flows
	14.3 Some Theoretical Aspects of Transonic Flows; Transonic Similarity
	14.4 Solutions of the Small-Perturbation Velocity Potential Equation: The Murman and Cole Method
	14.5 Solutions of the Full Velocity Potential Equation
	14.6 Solutions of the Euler Equations
	14.7 Historical Note: Transonic Flight—Its Evolution, Challenges, Failures, and Successes
	14.8 Summary and Comments
	Problem
Chapter 15 Hypersonic Flow
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Hypersonic Flow—What Is It?
	15.3 Hypersonic Shock Wave Relations
	15.4 A Local Surface Inclination Method: Newtonian Theory
	15.5 Mach Number Independence
	15.6 The Hypersonic Small-Disturbance Equations
	15.7 Hypersonic Similarity
	15.8 Computational Fluid Dynamics Applied to Hypersonic Flow: Some Comments
	15.9 Hypersonic Vehicle Considerations
	15.10 Historical Note
	15.11 Summary and Final Comments
	Problems
Chapter 16 Properties of High-Temperature Gases
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Microscopic Description of Gases
	16.3 Counting the Number of Microstates for a Given Macrostate
	16.4 The Most Probable Macrostate
	16.5 The Limiting Case: Boltzmann Distribution
	16.6 Evaluation of Thermodynamic Properties in Terms of the Partition Function
	16.7 Evaluation of the Partition Function in Terms of T and V
	16.8 Practical Evaluation of Thermodynamic Properties for a Single Species
	16.9 The Equilibrium Constant
	16.10 Chemical Equilibrium—Qualitative Discussion
	16.11 Practical Calculation of the Equilibrium Composition
	16.12 Equilibrium Gas Mixture Thermodynamic Properties
	16.13 Introduction to Nonequilibrium Systems
	16.14 Vibrational Rate Equation
	16.15 Chemical Rate Equations
	16.16 Chemical Nonequilibrium in High-Temperature Air
	16.17 Summary of Chemical Nonequilibrium
	16.18 Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 17 High-Temperature Flows: Basic Examples
	17.1 Introduction to Local Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium
	17.2 Equilibrium Normal Shock Wave Flows
	17.3 Equilibrium Quasi-One-Dimensional Nozzle Flows
	17.4 Frozen and Equilibrium Flows: Specific Heats
	17.5 Equilibrium Speed of Sound
	17.6 On the Use of γ = cp∕cv
	17.7 Nonequilibrium Flows: Species Continuity Equation
	17.8 Rate Equation for Vibrationally Nonequilibrium Flow
	17.9 Summary of Governing Equations for Nonequilibrium Flows
	17.10 Nonequilibrium Normal Shock Wave Flows
	17.11 Nonequilibrium Quasi-One-Dimensional Nozzle Flows
	17.12 Summary
	Problems
Appendix A
	Table A.1 Isentropic Flow Properties
	Table A.2 Normal Shock Properties
	Table A.3 One-Dimensional Flow with Heat Addition
	Table A.4 One-Dimensional Flow with Friction
	Table A.5 Prandtl–Meyer Function and Mach Angle
Appendix B An Illustration and Exercise of Computational Fluid Dynamics
	The Equations
	Intermediate Numerical Results: The First Few Steps
	Final Numerical Results: The Steady-State Solution
	Summary
	Isentropic Nozzle Flow—Subsonic/Supersonic (Nonconservation Form)
Appendix C Oblique Shock Properties: γ = 1.4
References
Index