Modern Cable Television Technology, Second Edition (The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking)

Front Cover......Page 1
Modern Cable Television Technology: Video, Voice, and Data Communications......Page 6
Copyright Page......Page 7
Contents......Page 12
Foreword......Page 10
Preface......Page 30
Acknowledgements......Page 38
Part 1: Once Over Lightly......Page 40
1.1 Introduction......Page 42
1.2 Technology-Related Regulatory Issues......Page 44
1.3 The Development of the Cable Television Industry and Its Services......Page 49
1.4 Cable Network Design......Page 53
1.5 Coaxial System Limitations......Page 55
1.6 The Introduction of Fiber Optics......Page 57
1.7 High-Level Architecture Changes......Page 58
1.8 Video Signal Security and Selective Service Delivery Issues......Page 59
1.9 Consumer Equipment Interface Issues......Page 60
1.10 Summary......Page 62
Endnotes......Page 63
Part 2: The Signals......Page 64
2.2 Baseband Monochrome Video and Monaural Audio......Page 66
2.3 Modulation......Page 79
2.4 Modern Analog Television......Page 86
2.5 Signal Quality and Customer Expectations......Page 102
2.6 Other Television Systems......Page 106
2.7 Summary......Page 107
Endnotes......Page 108
3.1 Introduction......Page 110
3.2 Broadcast Digital Television......Page 111
3.3 Digital Video Compression......Page 117
3.4 Digital Audio Compression......Page 147
3.5 Digital Audio–Video Transport......Page 151
3.6 Digital Transmission......Page 163
3.7 Digital Television Standards......Page 168
3.8 Summary......Page 171
Endnotes......Page 172
4.2 Modulation Technology......Page 176
4.3 Forms of Spectrum Sharing......Page 209
4.4 Measuring Digitally Modulated Signals......Page 214
4.5 Summary......Page 219
Endnotes......Page 220
5.1 Introduction to Protocols......Page 222
5.2 The DOCSIS Protocol for Cable Modems......Page 233
5.3 Non-DOCSIS Protocols......Page 246
Endnotes......Page 266
6.2 Modern Telephone System Architecture......Page 268
6.3 The Telephone Network Digital Hierarchy......Page 281
6.4 Elements of a Cable Telephony System......Page 287
6.5 Network Engineering: Quality of Service......Page 299
6.6 IP Telephony......Page 303
6.7 The 911 System......Page 319
6.8 DS1/E1 Transport on IP Networks......Page 320
6.9 Summary......Page 322
Endnotes......Page 323
Part 3: Headends......Page 324
7.2 Off-Air Reception......Page 326
7.3 Satellite Reception......Page 342
7.4 Other Methods of Receiving Programming at Headends......Page 366
Endnotes......Page 370
8.2 SignaI Processors......Page 372
8.3 Modulation......Page 380
8.4  Phase Locking of Carriers......Page 389
8.5  Demodulation......Page 396
8.6  TV Stereo......Page 407
8.7  Satellite Earth Station Receiving Equipment......Page 412
8.8  Digital Video Interfaces......Page 415
8.9  Signal Handling in Headends......Page 417
8.10 Ad Insertion......Page 424
8.11  Video On Demand and Digital Ad Insertion......Page 427
8.12 Summary......Page 430
Endnotes......Page 431
9.2 Cable Television Band Plan......Page 432
9.3 Headend RF Management......Page 441
9.4 Headend Fiber-Optics Management......Page 450
9.5 Signal Quality Tests......Page 452
9.6 Summary......Page 461
Endnotes......Page 462
Part 4: Broadband Distribution Systems......Page 464
10.2 Coaxial Cable......Page 466
10.3 Amplifiers......Page 481
10.4 Passive Coaxial Components......Page 511
10.5 Power Supplies......Page 518
Endnotes......Page 520
11.2 Carrier-to-Noise Ratio......Page 522
11.3 Carrier to Distortion......Page 524
11.4 Noise–Distortion Trade-Off......Page 526
11.5 System Powering......Page 529
11.6 Signal Level Management......Page 532
11.8 The Service Drop......Page 535
11.9 Summary......Page 545
Endnotes......Page 546
12.1 Introduction......Page 548
12.2 Optical Basics......Page 549
12.3 Multimode Optical Fibers......Page 555
12.4 Single Mode Optical Fibers......Page 557
12.5 Network Passives......Page 567
12.6 Linear Optical Transmitters......Page 570
12.7 Optical Amplifiers......Page 579
12.8 Optical Receivers......Page 581
12.9 Interactions Among Transmitters, Fibers, and Receivers......Page 583
12.10 End-to-End Fiber-Optic Link Performance......Page 587
12.11 Summary......Page 594
Endnotes......Page 595
13.2 Wavelength Multiplexing: WWDM, CWDM, and DWDM......Page 598
13.3 Components for WDM Systems......Page 601
13.4 WDM-Specific Design Factors......Page 603
13.5 Crosstalk Mechanisms......Page 604
13.6 CSO Due to Transmitter Chirp Combined with Imperfect Channel Flatness......Page 621
13.7 Degradation in Shared-Detector, Multiwavelength Systems......Page 624
13.8 Summary of WDM Link Performance......Page 628
Endnotes......Page 629
14.2 U.S. Regulation of Microwave Transmission......Page 632
14.3 General Operational Principals......Page 633
14.4 Path Design......Page 636
14.5 Performance Calculation......Page 643
14.6 Link Availability Factors......Page 646
Endnotes......Page 654
15.2 Quality Standards and Requirements......Page 656
15.3 Performance Allocations Among Sections of the Cable System......Page 661
15.4 Noise and Distortion Allocations in Cable Systems......Page 663
15.5 Typical Network Transmission Quality Under Operational Conditions......Page 666
15.6 Summary......Page 684
Endnotes......Page 685
16.1  Introduction......Page 688
16.2 The Two-Way Node......Page 689
16.3 Downstream and Upstream Frequency Partitioning......Page 690
16.4 Group Delay of Diplex Filters......Page 691
16.5 Block Conversion......Page 692
16.6 Return Signal Level Issues......Page 694
16.7 Optional Ways to Specify Return Lasers......Page 701
16.8 Characteristics of Return Lasers......Page 707
16.9 Spurious Signals in the Return Path......Page 713
16.10 Characteristics of the Composite Reverse Signal......Page 719
16.11 The Reaction of Active Components to Signal Characteristics......Page 720
16.13 Return Path Interference Mitigation Techniques......Page 724
16.14 Examples of Signal Apportionment......Page 729
16.15 Summary......Page 735
Endnotes......Page 736
Part 5: System Architecture......Page 738
17.2 Performance Parameters......Page 740
17.3  Requirements by Service Type......Page 757
17.4 Scalability......Page 769
17.5 Summary......Page 770
Endnotes......Page 771
18.2 Architectural Elements......Page 772
18.3 Architectural Examples......Page 789
18.4 Summary......Page 804
Endnotes......Page 805
19.1 Introduction......Page 806
19.2 Difference Between Analog and Digital Modulation......Page 807
19.3 Digital and Analog Transmitters......Page 808
19.4 Digital and Analog Receivers......Page 810
19.5 Combining Analog and Digital Transmission on the Same Fiber......Page 811
19.6 Low-Frequency Content Removal in Digital Transmitters......Page 812
19.7 Bidirectional Transmission......Page 813
19.8 Fiber-Deep Architectures......Page 814
19.9 Distance Limitations in Fiber-Deep Systems......Page 819
19.10 Summary......Page 825
Endnote......Page 826
20.2 History and Benchmarking......Page 828
20.3 Definitions and Basic Calculations......Page 831
20.4 Effects of Redundant Network Connections......Page 834
20.5 Absolute Versus User-Perceived Parameters......Page 835
20.6 Network Analysis......Page 838
20.7 Analysis of a Typical HFC Network......Page 849
Endnotes......Page 856
Part 6: Customer Interface Issues......Page 860
21.1 Introduction......Page 862
21.2 Non-Set-Top Resident Program Denial......Page 863
21.3 Set-Top Resident Program Denial — Analog Modulation......Page 868
21.4 The Set-Top Terminal......Page 877
21.5 Summary......Page 883
22.1 Digital Set-Top Terminals and Interfaces......Page 886
22.2 Relevant Standards......Page 887
22.3 Cable TV Digital In-Home Processing......Page 888
22.4 Out-of-Band Channels......Page 892
22.5 Output Interfaces and Copy Protection......Page 899
22.6 Using Two Conditional Access Systems......Page 932
22.8 Middleware......Page 933
Endnotes......Page 940
23.2 The Nature of the Interface......Page 942
23.3 Connecting Cable, TVs, VCRs, and Set-Top Terminals......Page 945
23.4 Consumer Electronics Interface Issues......Page 957
23.5 Frustrated Product Features......Page 964
23.6 Early Attempts......Page 966
23.7 Management of Expectations......Page 968
23.8 Legal Aspects of Cable–Consumer Electronics Compatibility......Page 969
23.9 Standards......Page 973
23.11 National Renewable Security System......Page 976
Endnotes......Page 977
24.1  Introduction......Page 980
24.2  Levels of Interference......Page 981
24.3  Direct Pickup Interference......Page 982
24.4 Receiver Performance......Page 985
24.5 Regulatory Status......Page 990
24.6 Summary......Page 991
Endnotes......Page 992
25.1  Introduction......Page 994
25.2 Applications......Page 995
25.3 Challenges......Page 997
25.4 Requirements for a Residential Gateway......Page 998
25.6 Multiplexing and Address Management......Page 1000
25.7 Configuration and Performance Management......Page 1005
25.8 Security......Page 1007
25.10 Wired Networks......Page 1009
25.11 Wireless Networks......Page 1011
25.12 CableHome......Page 1018
Endnotes......Page 1021
Appendix A: Channel Allocation......Page 1024
Appendix B:Video Waveforms......Page 1030
Glossary......Page 1036
Index......Page 1070
About the Authors......Page 1092