Modern Automotive Antenna Measurements

Modern Automotive
Antenna Measurements
	Contents
	Chapter 1 Introduction to Automotive Antenna and Device Measurements
		References
	Chapter 2
Challenges and Figures of Merit in Automotive Measurements
		2.1 Antenna Measurement
			2.1.1 Antenna Gain and OTA Measurements
			2.1.2 Calibration Antenna
			2.1.3 Testing Parameters
		2.2 NF versus FF Measurements
		2.3 Introduction to Near Transformation Theory
		2.4 Radiofrequency System
		References
	Chapter 3 NFFF Transformations
		3.1 NF/FF Transformation based on Spherical Wave Expansion
			3.1.1 SWE
			3.1.2 Truncated SNF Measurements
			3.1.3 Advanced SWE Techniques
		3.2 Equivalent Current Technique
			3.2.1 Formulation
			3.2.2 Features
		3.3 New Methods for NF-to-FF Transformations
			3.3.1 Sparse Recovery of SWC
			3.3.2 Optimal Sampling Interpolation
		References
	Chapter 4
Chamber Design and Analysis
		4.1 Measurement Ranges
		4.2 Design Criteria
			4.2.1 Absorbers and Ferrites
			4.2.2 Rectangular Chambers
			4.2.3 Tapered Chambers
			4.2.4 Chambers with Conductive Floors
		4.3 Analysis Methods
			4.3.1 Full-Wave Models
			4.3.2 Ray-Tracer Solvers
			4.3.3 Image Theory–Based Technique
			4.3.4 Measurements with the Scaled Model Method
		4.4 QZ Evaluation with Measurements
			4.4.1 Field Probe Measurements Over QZ
			4.4.2 Antenna Pattern Comparison
		References
	Chapter 5
Implementation and Calibration of Automotive Ranges
		5.1 Absorber and Conductive Floor Systems
			5.1.1 Gain Calibration
			5.1.2 Gain Calibration Accuracy
			5.1.3 Measurement Examples
		5.2 FF Ranges
		5.3 Single-Probe NF Systems
			5.3.1 Use of Wideband Probes
			5.3.2 Use of Wideband and Dual-Polarized Probes
		5.4 Multiprobe NF Systems
			5.4.1 Probe-Related Design Challenges
			5.4.2 Sampling in MP Systems
			5.4.3 Different Implementations of Automotive MP Systems
			5.4.4 Low-Frequency Measurements
			5.4.5 High-Frequency Measurements
		5.5 Scaled Measurements
		References
	Chapter 6
OTA Measurements
		6.1 OTA Test Setup
		6.2 OTA Testing Parameters
		6.3 OTA System Calibration
		6.4 OTA Measurement Methods
			6.4.1 NF to FF Transform Using Phase Recovery
			6.4.2 Separate Measurements with Conducted RF
			6.4.3 Two-Step Measurement or Combinational Method
			6.4.4 Direct OTA Measurements
			6.4.5 NF to Quasi-FF Transform Through Parallax
			6.4.6 TRP/TIS Testing of Devices on a Limited Ground Plane
		6.5 OTA Sampling
		6.6 OTA Measurement Examples
		6.7 MIMO OTA Testing
			6.7.1 Introduction
			6.7.2 Direct MIMO OTA Testing
			6.7.3 Two-Stage Methods
		References
	Chapter 7
Advanced Post-Processing Techniques
		7.1 Post-Processing by the Equivalent Current Method
			7.1.1 Diagnostics and Filtering
			7.1.2 Extrapolation of Truncated Areas
			7.1.3 NF Calculation from the Equivalent Current
			7.1.4 Link Between Measurements and Simulations
		7.2 Investigation and Mitigation of Truncation Errors in Free-Space
Automotive Systems
			7.2.1 Case Study Description and Investigation of Truncation Errors Effect
			7.2.2 Mitigation of Truncation Errors
		7.3 Free-Space Response Retrieval in PEC-Based Automotive Systems
			7.3.1 Spatial Filtering Techniques for PEC Removal
			7.3.2 Example with Scaled Measurements
		References
	Chapter 8
Virtual Drive Testing
		8.1 VDT
		8.2 The Link Between Measurement and Simulation
		8.3 Simulation of Complex Scenarios from Measurements
		8.4 Different Ground Emulation of Measured Vehicle Antennas
		8.5 V2V and V2X Coupling Evaluation
		References
	Chapter 9 In-Situ Acquisition Systems for Automotive Measurements: Drone and
Handheld Approaches
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Airborne-Based Antenna Measurement Techniques
			9.2.1 An Overview of Airborne-Based Antenna Measurement Techniques
			9.2.2 Antenna Characterization by Means of Equivalent Currents
			9.2.3 Application Example
		9.3 Handheld Systems
			9.3.1 An Overview of the Handheld System
			9.3.2 Handheld System Description
			9.3.3 Particular Characteristics of the Handheld System
			9.3.4 Application Example
		9.4 Final Remarks
		References
	Chapter 10 Practical Aspects of Automotive Measurements and Virtual-Drive Testing
		10.1 Challenges for Automotive Antenna Measurements
			10.1.1 Limitations of Automotive Antenna Measurement Range
			10.1.2 Implications of the Car Body for Antenna Design and Measurements in
the Installed State
		10.2 Application-Oriented Post-Processing of Automotive Antenna
Measurements
			10.2.1 Phase Center Determination
			10.2.2 Automotive Antenna Performance Indicators
		10.3 Over-the-Air Vehicle-in-the-Loop Approach for System Validation
in a Virtual Environment
			10.3.1 Concept
			10.3.2 LTE and V2X Emulation
			10.3.3 Automotive Radar
		References
	About the Editors
		About the Contributors
	Index