Modeling and Using Context: Third International and Interdisciplinary Conference, CONTEXT, 2001, Dundee, UK, July 27-30, 2001, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2116)

Modeling and Using Context
Preface
Organization
Table of Contents
Trade-Offs between Inductive Power and Logical Omniscience in Modeling Context
	Introduction
	Neighborhoods Revisited
		Propositional Modal Logic
		Augmentation
		Epistemic Interpretation of Augmentation
	Stable Neighborhoods
	First Order Extensions
	Expressive Adequacy
	References
Uncertainty and Conflict Handling in the ATT-Meta Context-Based System for Metaphorical Reasoning
	Introduction
	Main Operations in Metaphor Understanding in ATT-Meta
	Irreality of Domains
	What ATT-Meta Does Overall
	Hypotheses and Rule Application
	Basic Conflict Resolution
		Core of the Fact-Based Specificity Comparison
		Removal of Derivation Links and Use of ``Even-Though\'\' Conditions
	Matters of Pretence: Rules, Fact Importation, and Pretence Bias
	Conclusion
	References
WordSieve: A Method for Real-Time Context Extraction
	Introduction
	Content or Context?
	The WordSieve Algorithm for Context Extraction
	The WordSieve Architecture
		Level 1: MostFrequentWords
		Level 2: Words Occurring in Document Sequences
		Level 3: Words Absent in Document Sequences
		WordSieve Output
	Evaluation
		Experiment
		Consistency of Results
		Performance vs. TFIDF
		Discussion
	Relationship to Other Work
	Conclusions
	References
Pragmatic Reasoning. Pragmatic Semantics and Semantic Pragmatics
	Introduction
	Pragmatic Reasoning
	Pragmatic Semantics
	Semantic Pragmatics
	References
On the Dimensions of Context Dependence: Partiality, Approximation, and Perspective
	Introduction
	Contexts as Boxes
	Forms of Contextual Reasoning
	Dimensions of Context Dependence
	A Logic of Contextual Reasoning: MultiContext Systems
	Conclusions
	References
Context of Utterance and Intended Context
	Introduction
	Indexicality
		The Distinction between Indexicals and Demonstratives
		The Asymmetry between Indexicals and Demonstratives
	Here, Now, We: Small Worries
	Here, Now, We: Big Worries
	I
	Conclusion
	References
Two Formalizations of Context: A Comparison
	Introduction
	Logics for Contexts
		Local Model Semantics and Multi Context Systems
		Propositional Logics of Contexts Revisited
	Reconstructing PLC in LMS
	Discussion
	Conclusions
	References
	Proof of Theorems
Consider the Alternatives: Focus in Contrast and Context
	Introduction
		Perspectives on Focus
		Perspectives on Contrast
		Focus and Exhaustiveness
	Contextual Contrast
		Explicit Alternatives
		No Explicit Alternatives
		Some Explicit Alternatives
		Proper Alternatives
	Pragmatic Exhaustiveness
	Summary
	References
Context in the Study of Human Languages and Computer Programming Languages: A Comparison
	Introduction
	Context with Reference to Human Languages
		Linguistic and Situational Context
		Matters of Linguistic Context
			Co-text and Intertext
			Formal Context-Sensitivity
		Matters of Situational Context
			Situation Theory
			Analysing and Describing Situational Context
		Cognitive and Objective Context
	Context with Reference to Programming Languages
	Comparison
		Co-text, Intertext, and Genre
		Applying Situation Theory
		Elements of the Situational Context
		Cognitive Context
	Conclusion
	References
Modeling Context Effect in Perceptual Domains
	Introduction
	Structural Information Theory (SIT)
		Algebraic SIT Model for Strings
	Modelling Perceptual Context
		Determining a Perceptual Context
	Extending the Model to the Context Effects in Other Domains
	Related Research
	Conclusions and Future Research
	References
Learning Appropriate Contexts
	Introduction
	Adding Conditions of Applicability to Evolving Models
		Standard Evolutionary Computing Algorithms
		Adding Conditions of Application
		An Example Application
	The Move to Really Learning and Using Contexts
	Knowing Whether It Is the Context or the Content That Is Wrong
	Related Work
		Evolutionary Computation
		Machine Learning
	Conclusion
	References
Context and Relevance: A Pragmatic Approach
	Introduction
	The Pragmatic View of Context and Relevance
		Background Context
		Situations, Selective Bias, and Relevance
	The Logical View of Context
	The Logical View of Relevance
		The Logic of Relevance
		Default Reasoning
		Computational Relevance
	Conclusion: Implications for AI
	References
Counterfactual Reasoning
	Introduction
	Cognitive Approaches to Counterfactual Reasoning
	The Counterfactual Dimension of Common Sense Reasoning
		Counterfactual Reasoning and Theories of Action
		Counterfactual Reasoning and Beliefs/Intentions Ascription
	Contexts and Contextual Reasoning in MultiContexts Systems
	Counterfactual Reasoning as a Particular Kind of Contextual Reasoning
	Counterfactual Reasoning and Game Theory
	Conclusions
	References
Context-Based Ambiguity Management for Natural Language Processing
	Introduction
	Overview of the System Architecture
	Description Logics with Contexts
	Managing Ambiguities by Contexts
	Conclusions
	References
A Connectionist-Symbolic Approach to Modeling Agent Behavior: Neural Networks Grouped by Contexts
	Introduction
	Modular Decomposition
	Methodology
	Experimental Results
	Summary
	References
Context Dependency of Pattern-Category Learning
	Introduction
	Behavioural Experiments
	Computer Simulations
	Discussion
	References
Simulating Context Effects in Problem Solving with AMBR
	Context Effects: Psychological Data and Cognitive Models
	A Context-Sensitive Model of Problem Solving
		Dynamic Theory of Context
		DUAL: A Dynamic Context-Sensitive Cognitive Architecture
		AMBR: A Context-Sensitive Model of Analogy-Making
	Simulation Experiments
		AMBR\'s Sensitivity to Context
		Control versus Hint versus Context Condition
		Timing of Context Element Perception and Its Relation to the Context Effect
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments. We would like to thank the AMBR research group for the stimulating environment and especially Alexander Petrov for his work on AMBR and the knowledge bases that are used in these simulations.
	References
A New Method Based on Context for Combining Statistical Language Models
	Introduction
	The Selected History Principle
		Model Evaluation for a History
		Combination of Two Models Based on the Selection of Histories
	Evaluated Models
	Experiments
		Corpus
		Experiments on Bigrams and Distant Bigrams
		Importance of the History Frequency on Retrieving the Best Selected Histories
		Qualitative Study of $@mathcal {H}$
		Experiments on Shannon Game
		Experiments on MAUD Dictation System
		Experiments on Bigrams and Trigrams
	Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Experimental Pragmatics: Towards Testing Relevance-Based Predictions about Anaphoric Bridging Inferences
	Introduction
	Relevance
	A Relevance-Based Comprehension Model and Bridging Inference
		Mutual Parallel Adjustment of Explicature and Implicature
		Bridging Inference as Implicated Premise
		Expectation of Cognitive Effects and Assumption Schemata
	Comparison: Levinson’s GCI (Generalised Conversational Implicature) Model
	Predictions of Two Pragmatic Models and Other Processing Models
	Testing the Predictions
		Testing the Effect of Expectation of Particular Cognitive Effects
		Bridging Implicature and Auxiliary Implicatures
		Bridging Cases with No Obvious Stereotypical Assumptions Available
		Cases with Two Potential Bridging Inferences
	Final Remarks
	References
Workflow Context as a Means for Intelligent Information Support
	Introduction
	WfMS as Source for Workflow Context
	{sl VirtualOffice }: Workflow Context for Document Analysis and Understanding
	{sl KnowMore }: Information Support for Knowledge-Intensive Tasks
	A Classification Scheme for Workflow Context
	Related Work
	Conclusion
	References
The Role and Modeling of Context in a Cognitive Model of Rogers\' Person-Centred Approach
	Introduction
	Preliminaries
		The Abstract Model of Human Associative Memory
		Contexts in Person-to-Person Communication
		UML: Static Structure Diagrams
	A Model for Rogers PersC Approach
		Towards a Model to Explain the Effects of Rogers’ Person-Centred Approach
		A Sample Dialogue
		Characterizing and Tracking the Process
	Validation of the Model
	Conclusions, Discussion, and Further Research
	References
Local Holism
	The Paradox of Semantic Holism
	Alternative Solutions
		The Atomistic Option
		The Molecularist Option
		The Holistic Option
	Sharing Rules, Contexts, and Language Games
	Local Holism and the Meaning of the Words
	Appendix 1
	Appendix 2
	References
Whom Is the Problem of the Essential Indexical a Problem for?
	The Problem
	In Quest of the Best Analysis of fiThisfl
		“This” as “the Thing That I Am Looking at”
		Believing about without Attending to
		“This” as “the Object of This (Mental) Event”
	What Has Been Objected to the Naive Doctrine
	Conclusion
	References
Contextual Categorization and Cognitive Phenomena
	Introduction
	Computing Relations for Contextual Categories
		Known Intensional Relation
		Computing Occurrences
		Inferring Relations
	Cognitive Phenomena under the Light of Contextual Categorization
		CC-Denotation
		CC-Description
		CC-Similarity
		CC-Analogy
		CC-Explanation
		CC-Literal Language: Metonymy, Metaphor, and Tautology
		CC-Reasoning
	Conclusion
	References
Representing the Graphics Context to Support Understanding Plural Anaphora in Multi-modal Interfaces*
	Introduction
	Understanding ``These\'\' in Multi-modal Interfaces
	Example
	Representing the Graphical Context
	Conclusion
	References
Using Explicit, A Priori Contextual Knowledge in an Intelligent Web Search Agent
	Introduction
	Context in Intelligent Web Searching
	Using Contextual Knowledge in the Web Search Agent
	Related Work
	Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Contexts and Philosophical Problems of Knowledge
	Introduction
	Contexts and Justification
	Contexts and Knowledge
	Contexts and Skepticism
	Advantages and Problems
	References
Practical Context Transformation for Information System Interoperability
	Introduction
	Context, Ontologies, and Information Systems
		Contexts and Semantic Heterogeneity
		Ontologies as Contextual Information
	Context-Based Semantic Integration
		A Minimal Modeling Language
		The Integration Process
	Context Transformation
		Context Transformation with Rules
		Context Transformation by Classification
	A Unifying Model of Context Transformation
		A Theory of Context Transformation
		A Transformation Calculus
		Correctness and Completeness of the Calculus
		Integrating Context Transformation into Query Decomposition
	Discussion
	References
Explanation as Contextual
	Introduction
	Van Fraassen on Explanation and Context
	Explanations and Illocutionary Acts
	Explanation and Formal Learning Theory
	Contexts and Questions
	Conclusion
	References
Contextual Categorization: A Mechanism Linking Perception and Knowledge in Modeling and Simulating Perceived Events as Actions
	Introduction
	The Interpretation of Perceived Action
	Some Existing Models for Interpreting Perceived Actions
		The Thibadeau Model: A Faitfhful Mapping of Natural Language Theory
		The Ayes & Shah Model Based on Object and Movement Recognition
		The Intille & Bobick Probabilistic Model Based on Object and Movement Recognition and Probabilistic Plan Recognition
		Limitations of This Kind of System from a Psychological Point of View
		Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches to Interpreting Perceived Actions
	A Contextual Categorization Approach
		Online Contextual Spatial Categorization Using a Galois Lattice
		Online Contextual Temporal Categorization in Galois Lattices
	Simulating ACACIA™s Contextual Categorization with StarLogo Software
		Building the Knowledge Network
		Probability, Noise, and Generalization
		Adaptation and Prediction
	Conclusions
	References
The Motivational Context
	Introduction
	Motivation and the Frame Problem
	An Intelligent Agent Is Motivated
	Implementation Ideas
	Conclusion
	References
An Approach to Anaphora Based on Mental Models
	Introduction
	The Interpretation of Logical Connectives
	Donkey Sentences
	Conclusion
	References
Context and Multi-media Corpora
	Introduction
	Contextual Data in Multi-media Corpora
		Annotation
		Data Organization and Storage
		Accessibility and Retrieval
	References
Belief Expansion, Contextual Fit, and the Reliability of Information Sources
	The Success Postulate
	A Model for Probabilistic Belief Expansion
	Conclusion
	References
The Role of the Context in the Acquisition and in the Organisation of Knowledge: Studies from Adults and from Children
	Acknowledgments
VC-Dimension of a Context-Dependent Perceptron*
	Introduction
	Model of a Context-Dependent Neuron
	The VC-Dimension of a Context-Dependent Neuron
	Learning of Context-Dependent Nets
	Conclusions
	References
A Framework for Context-Driven Web Resource Discovery
	Introduction
	A  Formal Perspective
	Conclusion
	References
Specifying Contexts for Coordination Patterns
	Introduction
	Specifying Coordination Contexts
	Coordination Contexts
	Coordination Forms
	Coordination Patterns: One Example
	Using the Catalogue to Solve Coordination Problems
	Conclusion
	References
Looking at \"Situated\" Technology: Differences in Pattern of Interaction Reflect Differences in Context
	Introduction
	Technology Is Embedded in a Social Situational Context
	Two Field Studies
		Methodology
		What We Saw
			Patterns
	Differences in Interaction Patterns Reflect Differences in Context
		Differences in the Spatial Context
		Differences in the Organizational Context
	Conclusion
	References
A Context-Driven Approach for Knowledge Acquisition: Application to a Leukaemia Domain
	Introduction
	Overview of the Approach
	Parsing the Text to Look for Knowledge
	Context Assessment
	Implementation of a Software Tool
	Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Context in Natural-Language Communication: Presupposed or Co-supposed?
	Linguistic, Social, and Cognitive Contexts
	Unilateral Speech Acts vs. Collective Dialogue Acts
	Individual I-Intentions vs. Collective WE-Intentions
	Dialogue Common Ground and Co-suppositions
	References
Using Contexts Competition to Model Tactical Human Behavior in a Simulation
	Introduction
	The Competing Context Concept
	Summary and Conclusion
	References
Case Studies in Developing Contextualising Information Systems
	Introduction
	Contextualisation Approaches
	Contextualisation Framework
	Conclusion and Future Work
	References
About Some Relationships between Knowledge and Context
	Introduction
	Different Types of Knowledge
	Context
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
Combining Cases and Rules to Provide Contextualised Knowledge Based Systems
	The Role of Context in Knowledge Based Systems
	What Are Riplle Down Rules?
	Discussion and Conclusion
	Bibliography
Author Index