Modeling and Optimization in Space Engineering: New Concepts and Approaches

Preface
	Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
Advances in the Control Propellant Minimization for the Next Generation Gravity Mission
	List of Acronyms
	1 Introduction
	2 The Control Problem
	3 Thruster Layout Optimization
		3.1 Problem Statement and Overall Approach
		3.2 Case Studies
			3.2.1 Case Study 1
			3.2.2 Case Study 2
			3.2.3 General Remarks
	4 Satellite Control Simulation and Mission Performance
	5 Concluding Remarks and Future Developments
	References
Transition of Two-Dimensional Quasi-periodic Invariant Tori in the Real-Ephemeris Model of the Earth–Moon System
	1 Introduction
	2 Dynamical Models
		2.1 ERTBP
		2.2 Full Ephemeris
	3 Quasi-periodic Orbits in ERTBP
		3.1 The GMOS Algorithm
		3.2 Initial Guess Generation
		3.3 Numerical Continuation
		3.4 Post-processing and Torus Maps
	4 Transition to Full-Ephemeris Model
		4.1 First-Guess Generation
		4.2 SNOPT Optimization
	5 Conclusions
	References
Hypersonic Point-to-Point Travel for the Common Man
	1 Introduction
	2 Simulation Model
		2.1 Reference Vehicle
		2.2 Reference Mission
		2.3 Flight Dynamics
		2.4 Aerodynamic Heating
		2.5 Guidance
			2.5.1 Skip Suppression
			2.5.2 Lateral Guidance
	3 The Decision Vector
	4 The Fitness Vector
	5 Design Space Exploration
	6 Trajectory Optimisation
		6.1 Decoupled Approach
		6.2 Coupled Approach
	7 Concluding Remarks
	References
Bifocal Metrology Applications in Space Engineering
	1 Introduction
	2 Bifocal System Concept
	3 Mathematical Model
		3.1 3D-Transformation Matrix
		3.2 Bifocal Problem Statement
		3.3 Mathematical Solution
		3.4 Error Analysis
	4 Optimization Aspects
		4.1 System Sizing Optimization
		4.2 Light Spot Optimization
	5 An Illustrative Case Study
	6 Concluding Remarks
	References
A Revisited Analysis of the Radioisotope Sail and Its Possible Application to Relativistic Spaceflight
	1 Introduction
	2 Fundamentals of Relativistic Spaceflight
		2.1 Rocket Equation
			2.1.1 Classical Rocket Equation or Tsiolkovsky Equation
			2.1.2 Relativistic Rocket Equation or Ackeret Equation
		2.2 Relativistic Spaceflight Profiles
			2.2.1 Uniform Linear Motion
			2.2.2 Hyperbolic Motion
			2.2.3 Constant Thrust Motion – Exhaust Velocity we == c
			2.2.4 Constant Thrust Motion – Exhaust Velocity we=c
			2.2.5 Negative Exponential Acceleration Motion
			2.2.6 Characteristic Formulas of All Profiles Studied
	3 Fundamentals of Radioactive Decay
		3.1 Alpha Decay
	4 Radioisotope Sail as Propulsion System
		4.1 Configuration
		4.2 Single Decay Mathematical Model
			4.2.1 Decay Characteristics
			4.2.2 Dynamical Characteristics and Masses
			4.2.3 Propulsion Performance
			4.2.4 Compatibility with Negative Exponential Acceleration Motion
		4.3 Double Decay Mathematical Model
			4.3.1 Decay Characteristics
			4.3.2 Dynamical Characteristics and Masses
			4.3.3 Propulsion Performance
		4.4 Generalized Mathematical Model for Any Decay Chain
			4.4.1 Decay Characteristics
			4.4.2 Dynamical Characteristics and Masses
			4.4.3 Propulsion Performance
		4.5 Example of Application
			4.5.1 Pluto Mission with a Single Decay Radioisotope Sail
			4.5.2 Pluto Mission with a Double Decay Radioisotope Sail
	5 Conclusions
	References
The ERC-Funded EXTREMA Project: Achieving Self-Driving Interplanetary CubeSats
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Framing
		1.2 State of the Art
			1.2.1 Guidance
			1.2.2 Navigation
			1.2.3 Control
			1.2.4 Ballistic Capture
		1.3 The EXTREMA Project
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Autonomous Navigation
		2.2 Autonomous Guidance and Control
		2.3 Autonomous Ballistic Capture
	3 Modeling
		3.1 Modeling of Optical Navigation Systems
		3.2 Modeling of Low-Thrust Propulsion Systems
	4 Integrated Simulation of Interplanetary Transfers
		4.1 The OSH
			4.1.1 On-board Computer
			4.1.2 Attitude
			4.1.3 Orbital Control System
			4.1.4 Navigation System
			4.1.5 Numerical Integrator
			4.1.6 Additional Systems and Components
		4.2 Remarks
	5 Expected Outcomes
		5.1 Case Studies
		5.2 Potential Impact
	6 Conclusions
	References
Data Reduction for Optimizing the Attitude Control Dispatch in a Spacecraft
	1 Introduction
	2 Clustering Approach
		2.1 Algorithmic Framework
			2.1.1 K-means
			2.1.2 K-medoids
		2.2 Cluster Evaluation
	3 A Clustering Approach Tailored to the Problem
		3.1 Data Normalization
		3.2 Adopted Clustering Methodology
			3.2.1 Adjusted k-means
			3.2.2 Lloyd-Like Algorithm for K-medoid
			3.2.3 Hybrid k-means–k-medoids
		3.3 Approach Evaluation and Practical Implementation
	4 Case Study
		4.1 Instance Reduction
		4.2 Applied Methodology
			4.2.1 First Step
			4.2.2 Second Step
			4.2.3 Third Step
	5 Conclusive Remarks
	References
Second-order Sufficient Conditions of Strong Minimality with applications to Orbital Transfers
	1 Introduction
	2 The Bolza Problem and the First-order NC
	3 The Basic Assumptions on the Hamiltonian and the Extremal
		3.1 An Example of Irregular Hamiltonian
	4 The Extended Sufficient Conditions
		4.1 The Jacobi Field
	5 Maximal Interval for the Extended Sufficient Conditions
		5.1 Maximal Interval for the Extended Sufficient Conditions
	6 The Conjugate Point Condition
		6.1 The Jacobi Sufficiency Conditions in the Fixed Time Case
	7 Applications to Space Orbital Transfers
		7.1 Low-thrust Planar Orbital Transfer with Quadratic Integral Cost and Regular Hamiltonian
		7.2 Low-thrust Planar Orbital Transfer with Linear Integral Cost and Irregular Hamiltonian
		7.3 Three Impulse Orbital Transfer
	References
Evolutionary Optimisation of a Flexible-Launcher Simple Adaptive Control System
	1 Introduction
	2 Pitch-plane State-space Model of Flexible Launcher
	3 Control System Design
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Simple Adaptive Control
		3.3 Implementation
	4 Optimisation Problem
	5 Results
		5.1 Design Space Exploration
		5.2 Single-objective Optimisation
		5.3 Multi-objective Optimisation
	6 Concluding Remarks
	Appendix A: Pac Astro Mass Properties and Geometry
	Appendix B: State-space Matrices
	References
Optimization and Solution Approaches in Utilizing Wireless Sensor Networks for Exploring Moon, Planets, and Space
	1 Introduction
	2 Exploring the Moon by Using WSNs
	3 Exploring the Planets by Using WSNs
	4 Using WSNs in Space Missions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Near-Optimal Guidance and Pulse-Modulated Reduced-Attitude Control for Orbit Injection
	1 Introduction
	2 Dynamics of the Upper Stage of a Launch Vehicle
		2.1 Trajectory
		2.2 Attitude
	3 Near-Optimal Guidance
		3.1 Local Projection of Position and Velocity
		3.2 Optimal Control
		3.3 Commanded Attitude
		3.4 Guidance Algorithm
	4 Nonlinear Quaternion-Based Reduced-Attitude Control
		4.1 Relative Attitude Kinematics
		4.2 Feedback Control Law and Stability Analysis
		4.3 Gain Selection
	5 Actuation
		5.1 Pulse Modulation for Side Jets
		5.2 Thrust Vectoring
		5.3 Kane's Description of the Spacecraft Dynamics
	6 Orbit Injection at GEO
	7 Concluding Remarks
	References
A Pareto Front Numerical Reconstruction Strategy Applied to a Satellite System Conceptual Design
	1 Introduction
	2 Satellite System
	3 Multi-Objective Optimization Problem
	4 Proposed Methodology
	5 Application to a Study Case
		5.1 High-Level Mission Requirements
		5.2 System Architecture
		5.3 Optimization Problem
		5.4 Optimization Schemes. Application
			5.4.1 Direct Numerical Simulation
			5.4.2 Genetic Algorithm
		5.5 Comparison between DNS and GA
		5.6 Final Selection Process
	6 Final Remarks
	References
Indirect Optimization of Robust Orbit Transfer Considering Thruster Underperformance
	1 Introduction
	2 Indirect Method Optimization
	3 Transfer between Highly Elliptic Orbits with Luni-Solar Perturbations
		3.1 Differential Equation
		3.2 Optimal Controls
		3.3 Boundary Conditions
	4 Reference Satellite Transfer and Boundary Conditions
	5 Robust Approach
	6 Results
		6.1 Ideal Failure Recovery
		6.2 Failure Recovery of Optimal Solution
		6.3 Robust Case
	7 Conclusions
	References
Time-Varying Lyapunov Control Laws with Enhanced Estimation of Distribution Algorithm for Low-Thrust TrajectoryDesign
	List of Acronyms
	1 Introduction
	2 Low-Thrust Trajectory Design
		2.1 Two-Body Dynamics
		2.2 Lyapunov Control
			2.2.1 Simple Lyapunov Controller
			2.2.2 Proximity Quotient Controller (Q-law)
			2.2.3 Control Direction
	3 Optimization Approach
		3.1 Direct Interpolation
		3.2 Enhanced Estimation of Distribution Algorithm
	4 Numerical Simulations
		4.1 GTO to GEO
		4.2 GTO to Molniya
	5 Conclusion
	References