Mobile Displays: Technology and Applications

Mobile Displays Technology and Applications......Page 1
Contents......Page 7
About the Editors......Page 17
List of Contributors......Page 19
Series Editors Foreword......Page 23
Preface......Page 25
1.1 Introduction......Page 27
1.2 Advances in Mobile Applications......Page 28
1.3 Mobile Environment and its Impact on the Display......Page 31
1.3.1 Illumination Considerations......Page 32
1.3.2 System Power Considerations......Page 34
1.4.1 Overview......Page 37
1.4.2 Operational Modes of LCDs......Page 38
1.4.3 Viewing Angle and Illumination of AMLCDs......Page 40
1.4.4 Display Driving Electronics......Page 41
1.5.1 System-on-Glass Technologies......Page 42
1.5.2 Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) Displays......Page 43
1.5.5 Three-Dimensional (3D) Displays......Page 45
1.5.6 Beyond Direct-View and Rigid Displays......Page 46
1.6 Summary......Page 47
References......Page 48
2.1 Introduction......Page 49
2.3 The JND Map and Metric......Page 53
2.4 Image Bandwidth or Considering a Display or the Eye as an Information Channel......Page 54
2.5 The Control Signal and Scaling for Rendering......Page 55
2.6 Jaggies......Page 56
2.7 Hyperacuity......Page 58
2.8 Bar Gratings and Spatial Frequency......Page 59
2.9 Three Measures of Contrast and Webers Law......Page 60
2.10 Contrast Sensitivity Function (csf)......Page 62
2.11 Veiling Ambient Light: Contrast Reduction from Glare......Page 64
2.12 Dither: Trade Offs between Spatial Scale and Intensity......Page 65
2.13 Three Display Screens with Text Imagery......Page 67
2.14 Color......Page 69
2.16 Luminance and Tone Scale......Page 73
References......Page 76
3.1 Introduction......Page 79
3.2 Advanced Mobile Display Technology......Page 81
3.2.1 Liquid Crystal Display Mode......Page 82
3.2.2 Operating Principle of VA Mode......Page 83
3.2.3 Super PVA (S-PVA) Technology......Page 85
3.2.4 Mobile PVA (mPVA) Technology......Page 87
3.2.5 Transflective VA LCD for Mobile Application......Page 90
3.2.6 Backlight......Page 91
3.2.8 Drive Electronics......Page 92
3.2.10 ALS (Active Level Shifting)......Page 94
3.2.11 hTSP (Hybrid Touch Screen Panel)......Page 95
3.2.12 ABC (Adaptive Brightness Control)......Page 96
References......Page 98
4.1 Introduction......Page 101
4.2 LCD Modes......Page 102
4.3.1 Voltage Transmittance Relation......Page 106
4.4 LC Equation of Motion under an Electric Field......Page 108
4.5 Schematic Diagram of IPS Pixel Structures......Page 111
4.6.1 Response Ti me Characteristics......Page 114
4.7 Light Efficiency......Page 115
4.8 Viewing Angle Characteristics......Page 116
4.9 Color and Gray Level......Page 117
4.10 IPS Mode for Outdoor Applications......Page 119
4.11 Summary......Page 120
References......Page 121
5.1 Introduction......Page 123
5.2.1 Openings-on-Metal Transflector......Page 124
5.2.2 Half-Mirror Metal Transflector......Page 125
5.2.4 Orthogonal Polarization Transflector......Page 126
5.3.1 Absorption Type Transflective LCDs......Page 128
5.3.2 Scattering Type Transflective LCDs......Page 130
5.3.3 Reflection Type Transflective LCDs......Page 132
5.3.4 Phase-Retardation Type Transflective LCDs......Page 134
5.4.1 Color Balance......Page 152
5.5 Conclusion......Page 153
References......Page 155
6.1.1 Overview......Page 159
6.1.2 LCD Performance Limitations......Page 160
6.2.1 Overview......Page 161
6.2.2 Extended Jones Matrix Method for Analyzing Large Vi ewing Angle Characteristics......Page 162
6.2.3 Viewing Symmetry in LCDs......Page 180
6.2.4 Birefringent Compensators for Liquid Crystal Displays......Page 184
6.3.1 Overview......Page 214
6.3.2 Backlight without Optical Films......Page 216
6.3.3 Polarized Light-Guide Plate Based on the Sub-Wavelength Grating......Page 220
References......Page 234
7.1 Introduction......Page 237
7.4 Lightguide......Page 239
7.6 The Optical Film Stack......Page 240
7.7 Prisms-Up Systems......Page 241
7.8 Prisms-Down Systems......Page 242
7.9 Reflective Polarizers and Polarization Recycling......Page 243
7.10 System Efficiencies in Highly Recycling Backlights......Page 245
7.11 Trends in Mobile Display Backlighting......Page 249
References......Page 251
8.1 Introduction......Page 253
8.2.1 History of LEDs......Page 254
8.3.1 Semiconductor Basics......Page 255
8.3.2 The pn Junction and Photons......Page 256
8.4 LED Efficiency and Light Extraction......Page 257
8.4.3 Design and Manufacturing......Page 259
8.4.4 Benefits......Page 260
8.5.1 Creation of White Light......Page 261
8.6 Requirements and Designs for LED-based Backlight Solutions......Page 262
8.6.1 Requirements for BLU Systems......Page 263
8.6.2 LED Component Design......Page 264
8.7.1 White versus RGB Backlight Units......Page 265
8.7.3 Ambient Light Sensors: Product Introduction......Page 267
8.8 LED Backlighting of Notebook LCDs......Page 270
8.9 Summary and Outlook......Page 274
References......Page 275
9.1 Introduction......Page 277
9.2 Rapid Evolution......Page 278
9.3 Requirements......Page 279
9.4 Packaging Techniques......Page 280
9.5 Passive Matrix LCD......Page 281
9.6.1 Generalized AM-LCD System......Page 282
9.6.3 Active Matrix LCD Array......Page 283
9.6.5 Row Driver Operation......Page 284
9.6.6 The AM-LCD Driver......Page 287
9.6.7 The System Interfaces......Page 295
9.6.8 Frame Memory and Buffer Architecture......Page 296
9.6.9 Display Lighting and Lighting Control......Page 298
9.7.1 Sub-pixel Rendering Displays......Page 300
9.7.2 OLED/OEL......Page 301
9.7.3 Bistable and Electrophoretic Drive......Page 305
9.8 Summary......Page 307
References......Page 308
10.1.2 Handset Display and Camera Trends......Page 311
10.1.3 The Solution i s Serial......Page 313
10.2.1 Space Constraints......Page 315
10.2.3 Power Reduction......Page 316
10.2.5 MDDI System Connections......Page 317
10.3 Future Generations of MDDI......Page 320
10.3.2 High Speed IrDA Concurrent on Reverse Link......Page 321
10.4.1 MDDI Gen 1.2......Page 322
10.5.1 Overview and Terminology......Page 323
10.5.2 Physical Connection......Page 324
10.5.3 MDDI Physical Layer......Page 325
10.5.6 Overview of the Link Layer......Page 327
10.5.7 Link Hibernation......Page 330
10.5.8 The Reverse Link......Page 332
10.5.9 Link Budget......Page 335
10.5.10 Link Skew Calibration......Page 337
10.5.11 Display Synchronization......Page 338
References......Page 340
11.1 Introduction......Page 341
11.1.2 Display Architectures and DSI Goals......Page 342
11.2 Scope of MIPI DSI Specification......Page 343
11.3 DSI Layers......Page 344
11.3.3 Bidirectional Operation with DSI......Page 345
11.4.1 Packet Transmission......Page 346
11.4.2 Packet Formats......Page 347
11.4.4 Video-Mode Transmission and Burst Operation......Page 348
11.5 Dual-Display Operation......Page 350
References......Page 354
12.1 The Opportunity of Biomimetic Imaging Systems......Page 355
12.1.1 History......Page 357
12.2 Sub-pixel Image Reconstruction......Page 358
12.3 Defining the Limits of Performance: Nyquist, MTF and Moire Limits......Page 359
12.4 Sub-pixel Rendering Algorithm......Page 368
12.5 Area Resample Filter Generation......Page 372
12.6 RGBW Color Theory......Page 374
12.7 RGBW Sub-pixel Rendering......Page 386
12.8 RGBW Sub-pixel Rendering Algorithm......Page 387
12.9 Gamma Correction and Quantization Error Reduction......Page 390
References......Page 392
13.1 Introduction......Page 395
13.2 Added Value......Page 396
13.3 Requirements for TFT Characteristics and Design Rule......Page 397
13.4 Display with Fully-integrated Circuit......Page 398
13.5 Input Display with Scanning Function......Page 400
13.6 Input Display with Touch-panel Function......Page 402
13.7 Future Application of Input Display......Page 406
References......Page 408
14.1 Introduction......Page 411
14.2.2 Electroluminescence Mechanism......Page 412
14.2.3 OLED Materials......Page 414
14.2.4 Advanced OLED Devices......Page 417
14.2.5 Advanced OLED Process......Page 418
14.3 Backplane for AMOLED Display......Page 423
14.3.1 Comparison of a-Si TFT and LTPS TFT for AMOLED......Page 424
14.3.2 TFT Uniformity Issues in AMOLED Applications......Page 427
14.3.3 Advanced Device for AMOLED Applications......Page 429
14.4.1 Pixel Circuit......Page 430
14.5 Summary and Outlook......Page 449
References......Page 450
15.2 What is Electronic Paper?......Page 453
15.2.1 Paper-like Look......Page 454
15.2.2 Paper-like Form Factor......Page 455
15.2.3 Paper-like Power Consumption......Page 456
15.2.4 Addressing Means......Page 457
15.2.5 Paper-like Interaction......Page 459
15.3.1 Bichromal Particle Displays......Page 460
15.3.2 Electrophoretic Displays......Page 461
15.3.3 Color Particle-based Displays......Page 465
15.4 Particle-based Electronic Paper Products......Page 466
15.5 Conclusion......Page 467
References......Page 468
16.1 Introduction......Page 469
16.2 Basics of Ch Liquid Crystals......Page 470
16.3 Optics of Ch Liquid Crystals......Page 471
16.4.1 Bistability......Page 480
16.4.2 Designs of Reflective Ch Displays......Page 481
16.4.3 Grayscale Reflection......Page 482
16.4.6 Encapsulated Ch Display......Page 483
16.5.1 Transition Between Ch Textures......Page 484
16.5.2 Response of the Bistable Ch Liquid Crystal to Voltage Pulses......Page 487
16.5.3 Conventional Drive Scheme for Ch Displays......Page 488
16.5.4 Dynamic Drive Scheme for Ch Displays......Page 489
16.6 Conclusion......Page 490
References......Page 492
17.1 Introduction......Page 495
17.2.1 Bulk Textures......Page 496
17.3.1 General Equation......Page 498
17.3.2 Configurations for Bistable Devices......Page 499
17.3.3 Transmission Spectra of Configurations......Page 501
17.3.5 Experimental Results in Reflective Mode......Page 502
17.4.1 Switching by Surface Anchoring Breaking......Page 504
17.4.2 Control of the Switching......Page 507
17.4.3 Switching by First Order Breaking of Slightly Tilted Anchoring......Page 508
17.4.4 Grayscale......Page 509
17.5 Specific BiNem1 Materials......Page 512
17.5.2 Weak Anchoring Nematic Mixtures......Page 513
17.6.2 Manufacturing Process......Page 516
17.7 Passive Matrix Addressing......Page 518
17.7.1 Switching Thresholds......Page 519
17.7.4 Texture Selection Phase......Page 520
17.7.5 Final Phase and Multiplexing Scheme......Page 522
17.7.6 Partial Refreshing......Page 523
17.7.7 Implementation of t he Driving Schemes......Page 524
17.7.8 Power Consumption......Page 525
17.8.1 Optical Performance of Monochrome Reflective BiNem1 Displays......Page 526
17.9.1 Flexible BiNem1 Displays......Page 529
17.9.3 Color BiNem1 Displays......Page 530
17.9.4 Active Matrix Driven BiNem1 Displays......Page 533
17.10.1 BiNem1 Displays: Market and Applications......Page 534
17.11 Conclusion......Page 535
References......Page 536
18.1 Introduction......Page 537
18.1.1 Market Trends......Page 538
18.1.2 Entry Level Phones......Page 541
18.1.3 Market Survey......Page 542
18.1.4 White Space in Display Developments......Page 544
18.2.1 Basic Background to Electrowetting......Page 545
18.2.2 Applications of Electrowetting......Page 548
18.3.1 Electrowetting Display Principle......Page 550
18.3.2 Electrowetting Display Properties......Page 551
18.4.1 ColorMatch TM......Page 560
18.4.3 ColorFull TM......Page 562
References......Page 563
19.1 Introduction......Page 565
19.2 The Perception and Pixelation of 3D Images......Page 566
19.3 Stereo Pair 3D......Page 567
19.3.2 Switchable Lenticular Arrays......Page 568
19.4.1 Multiview Lenticular Arrays......Page 569
19.4.2 View-sequential 3D......Page 570
19.5 Holographic Displays......Page 573
19.6 Future Developments......Page 574
References......Page 575
20.1 Introduction......Page 577
20.1.1 Near-Eye Displays  Then and Now......Page 578
20.1.2 So What Is a Video Eyewear Display?......Page 579
20.1.3 The Devils i n t he Details......Page 581
20.2 The Optical Design and Considerations for the Near-Eye Display......Page 583
20.2.1 Optics FOV Considerations......Page 584
20.3 Summary......Page 589
References......Page 590
21.1 The Need for a Bigger Display in a Smaller Package......Page 591
21.2.2 Principles of Operation  Optomechanical......Page 594
21.2.3 Principles of Operation  Vi deo Processing......Page 595
21.3.1 Performance Goals......Page 597
21.3.2 Scanner Principals of Operation......Page 598
21.3.3 Scanner Implementation......Page 599
21.3.4 Scanner Test Results......Page 600
21.4 Operation of an Electrode Comb Scanner......Page 603
21.5.1 What Laser Characteristics are Desired?......Page 606
21.5.3 Beam Shaping, Combining and Coupling Optics......Page 610
21.6 Image Quality Considerations......Page 611
21.7 Summary......Page 613
References......Page 614
22.1 Introduction......Page 615
22.2.3 Mobile E-readers......Page 617
22.2.4 E-Paper Technologies......Page 618
22.2.5 The Importance of a Flexible Active Matrix......Page 619
22.3.1 Active Matrix Operation......Page 621
22.3.2 Active Matrix Backplane Requirements......Page 622
22.4.1 Challenges with Fabricating Large Area Electronics on Flexible Substrates......Page 625
22.4.2 Inorganic TFT Based Processes......Page 626
22.4.3 Organic TFT Processes......Page 629
22.5.2 How the Process Meets t he Active Matrix Backplane Requirements......Page 632
22.6.1 The Evolution of E-Paper Display Media......Page 636
22.6.2 The Evolution of Plastic Backplane Technology for Mobile Displays......Page 637
References......Page 640
Index......Page 643