Mistletoe : the genus Viscum

TF3274fm.pdf......Page 1
MISTLETOE: The Genus Viscum......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE TO THE SERIES......Page 8
PREFACE......Page 10
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 11
MISTLETOE: THE MYTHICAL PLANT......Page 14
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 0
Mistletoe as a Remedy......Page 15
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 17
REFERENCES......Page 18
FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS......Page 20
GENERA OF VISCAEAE......Page 22
VISCUM ALBUM GROUP......Page 24
VISCUM IN AFRICA......Page 31
REFERENCES......Page 40
TAXONOMY OF VISCACEAE......Page 43
Host Specifity......Page 44
APPEARANCE OF VISCUM ALBUM......Page 45
Microscopic Description......Page 49
NUTRITION OF VISCUM ALBUM......Page 50
SECONDARY COMPOUNDS FROM VISCUM ALBUM......Page 53
REFERENCES......Page 54
INTRODUCTION......Page 56
BOTANY, TAXONOMY, HOST TREES AND GEOGRAPHY......Page 57
Lectins......Page 60
Carbohydrates......Page 61
Korthalsella japonica Engl.......Page 62
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES......Page 63
CONCLUSIONS......Page 66
REFERENCES......Page 67
INTRODUCTION......Page 72
Host Trees......Page 74
Stems......Page 75
Flavonoids......Page 77
Macromolecular Compounds......Page 78
Vasoactive Activity......Page 79
Immunomodulating Activity......Page 81
REFERENCES......Page 83
NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF MISTLETOE-BEARING OAKS......Page 86
SELECTION OF SUITABLE HOST TREES......Page 90
CHOOSING A SITE......Page 91
SOWING MISTLETOE......Page 92
DEVELOPMENT OF HAUSTORIAL SYSTEM......Page 94
THE MISTLETOE SHOOT......Page 96
THE MISTLETOE FLOWER......Page 98
DEVELOPMENT OF FRUIT AND EMBRYO......Page 100
FINAL REMARKS......Page 102
REFERENCES......Page 103
INTRODUCTION......Page 106
Explant Disinfection......Page 107
Callus Induction......Page 108
CONCLUSION......Page 109
REFERENCES......Page 110
Lectins—Common Introduction......Page 111
The isolectin pattern of RIP 2 Viscum album lectins......Page 114
Biological activities of RIP 2 Viscum album lectins......Page 118
Mistletoe Lectins: The Hevein Domain Lectin VisalbCBL......Page 120
Vaster Proteins, Non-lectin Proteins and Peptides......Page 122
Thionins: Viscotoxins......Page 123
Flavonoids......Page 124
Mono-, Oligo- and Polysaccharides......Page 125
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 126
REFERENCES......Page 127
Experimental Investigation......Page 133
Clinical Results......Page 135
ARTHROSIS......Page 136
Cytotoxicity......Page 138
Animals......Page 139
Mechanisms of Cell Death: Apoptosis and Necrosis......Page 142
Whole plant extracts......Page 143
Immunomodulation by Mistletoe......Page 144
Cellular immune system......Page 145
Induction of cytokines......Page 147
Humoral immune system......Page 148
DNA Stabilization......Page 150
Viscotoxins......Page 151
Mistletoe Lectins......Page 154
Cell death mechanisms......Page 156
Selectivity of killing......Page 158
Induction of Fas ligand......Page 159
Stimulation of immunocompetent cells......Page 160
Flavonoids and Phenylpropanoids......Page 161
Phenolic Acids......Page 165
Interactions......Page 167
Meta-analyses of mistletoe studies......Page 168
Mistletoe studies......Page 170
CONCLUSIONS......Page 172
REFERENCES......Page 174
Exposure to the Whole Plant or Parts of the Plant......Page 193
Exposure to Plant Extracts......Page 194
Application of Viscum album Extracts......Page 195
Application of Purified Components......Page 196
GENOTOXICITY AND MUTAGENICITY......Page 197
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 199
REFERENCES......Page 200
Tolerability of Mistletoe Treatment......Page 205
Anaphylactic reactions......Page 207
Other adverse effects, less well documented......Page 208
CHARACTERISATION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY OF PATIENTS WITH SUPPOSED SIDE EFFECTS DURING THERAPY WITH AN AQUEOUS MISTLETOE EXTRACT......Page 209
Detection of anti-ML-1 Antibodies and Role of anti-ML-1 Antibodies of the IgE Type during VA-E Treatment......Page 210
Analysis of the Cytokine Pattern Induced by the Mistletoe Extract......Page 212
Conclusions from the Immunological Investigations......Page 213
REFERENCES......Page 215
HARVEST AND MANUFACTURING......Page 219
Mistletoe in Homeopathy......Page 227
Mistletoe in Phytotherapy......Page 228
Mistletoe in Anthroposophical Medicine......Page 229
REFERENCES......Page 231
INTRODUCTION......Page 232
Chromatographic analysis......Page 233
Medicinal Products......Page 234
Oligo- and Polysaccharides......Page 235
Lectins......Page 236
CELL CULTURE METHODS FOR QUALITY CONTROL......Page 237
STABILITY......Page 239
SUMMARY......Page 240
REFERENCES......Page 241
Complementary Medicine: a Scientific Approach to Comprehensive Therapy in Oncology......Page 245
Immunomodulatory Activity of Natural Mistletoe Lectin-1 (ML-1)......Page 246
GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME......Page 247
Breast carcinoma......Page 248
Colorectal carcinoma......Page 249
Expression, Characterisation and Activity of Recombinant Mistletoe Lectin (rML)......Page 250
REFERENCES......Page 251
INTRODUCTION......Page 254
Interactions of Different Mistletoe Lectins......Page 256
Interactions of Mistletoe Lectins and Vesicles......Page 257
Interactions of Mistletoe Lectins and Viscotoxins......Page 258
NON-ML-RELATED IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WHOLE PLANT EXTRACTS......Page 260
CONCLUDING REMARKS/FUTURE ASPECTS......Page 263
REFERENCES......Page 265