Minting, State, and Economy in the Visigothic Kingdom: From Settlement in Aquitaine to the First Decade of the Muslim Conquest of Spain

Cover
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
1.	Pre-Regal Visigothic Coinage
	A. The Fifth-Century Kingdom in Gaul
	B. The Kingdom in Spain, 507-c. 573
2. The King’s Coinage: The Beginning and Development of the Regal Coinage (c. 573-c. 720)
	A. The Transition to a Regal Coinage
	B. Regal Coin Types
	C. A Trimetallic System?
3.	The Activities of the Mints from c. 573- c. 720
	A. The Operation of the Mints
	B. The Record of Mint Output
	C. The Organization of the Mints
	D. Metrological and Metallurgical Standards of Visigothic Regal Tremisses
4.	Why Were Gold Coins Struck in the Visigothic Kingdom?
	A. The Late Roman Context
	B. Other Reasons for Minting
	C. The Addition of Bronze to the Corpus
	D. Visigothic Minting in the Context of Contemporary Monetary Systems
5.	The Royal Control of Visigothic Minting
	A. Evidence of Royal Control
	B. The Significance of Centralized Monetary Authority
6.	Coinage in Spain in the Aftermath of the Islamic Conquest
7.	Visigothic Currency in the Early Medieval Economy
	A. The Other Side of the Coin
	B. Use and Circulation of Currency in the Kingdom
	C. Bronze Currency in Spain and its Mediterranean Context
Conclusion
Appendix I
Appendix II
Bibliography
About the Author
Index
List of figures
	Figure 1: Frequencies of Weights of Tremisses in the Name of Anastasius
	Figure 2: Frequencies of Weights of Tremisses in the Name of Justin I
	Figure 3: Frequencies of Weights of Tremisses in the Name of Justinian
	Figure 4: Frequencies of Weights of Tremisses in the Name of Justin II
	Figure 5: Frequencies of Weights of Pre-regal Tremisses Arranged by Attributed Mints or Minting Regions
	Figure 6: Timeline of gold coin sets - estimated chronologies and metrological values
	Figure 7: Proposed order of hoard contents related to Leovigild’s regal-name minting
	Figure 8: Tremissis standards from averages immediately prior to and during Leovigild’s reign
	Figure 9: Proposed chronology of the earliest Visigothic regal issues
	Figure 10: Principal early facing-busts type forms297
	Figure 11: Diagram of the patrimony’s divisions and the flow of proceeds into the fiscus
	Figure 12: Difference in average regal tremissis weights between central and peripheral mints
	Figure 13: Gold content of tremisses leading up to Leovigild’s facing-busts phase
	Figure 14: Coinage within the kingdom’s political-economic system
	Figure 15: Transitional dinar in Latin letters of 94H = 712-713 (ANS, currently catalogued as HSA 57.1255)
	Figure 16: Bilingual dinar of 98H = 716-717 (ANS 1994.55.1)
	Figure 17: Thulth (1/3 dinar) in Arabic of 102H = 720-721 (ANS 1917.215.3437)
	Figure I.1: Weight and fineness measurements of Visigothic pre-regal tremisses at the ANS
	Figure I.2: Comparison of intrinsic values between tremisses of Byzantine Spania, Constantinople and the Visigothic Kingdom
	Figure I.3: Graph comparison of intrinsic values – tremisses of Byzantine Spania, Constantinople and the Visigothic Kingdom
	Figure I.4: Map of gold mints in Visigothic Spain (c. 575 – c. 714)
	Figure I.5: Schema of bust types of Visigothic regal tremisses
	Figure I.6: Visigothic copper-alloy coins compared to tremisses
	Figure I.7: Table of known regal mints
	Figure I.8: Number of known mints from each reign
	Figure I.9: Southern mints’ percentage of total corpus
	Figure I.10: Individual mints’ percentage of total in southern-central Visigothic Spain
	Figure I.11: Weight and fineness measurements by Lauris Olson of 377 Visigothic regal tremisses
	Figure I.12: Averages of fineness and other measurements of gold coins at the ANS
	Figure I.13: Frequencies of weights of Visigothic regal tremisses
	Figure I.14: Average weights of tremisses at mints of diverse volumes of output
	Figure I.15: Percentage of fineness in Visigothic tremisses of three major samples
	Figure I.16: Average fineness of 238 tremisses tested using X-ray fluorescent spectrometry method
	Figure I.17: Fineness of Visigothic pseudo-imperial tremisses, Visigothic regal tremisses, and early Muslim dinars in Spain
	Plate I
	Plate II
	Plate III
	Plate IV
	Plate V
	Tables of Regal Visigothic Tremisses Attributed to SeparateEngravers
	Concordance of new ANS accession numbers for ex-HSA regal Visigothic tremisses