Minorities and Minority Rights in Turkey: From the Ottoman Empire to the Present State

Series page
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication
Contents
Tables and Figures
Preface
Ch1- Ethnic and Religious Minorities: A Conceptual Framework
	KEY CONCEPTS
		The Definition of Minority and Related Concepts
		Empire, National State, Nation-State
		Minority Policies of the State: Recognition, Assimilation, and Cleansing
	STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK
	Notes
Ch2- Minorities in the Ottoman Empire
	MINORITIES IN THE MILLET SYSTEM
		The Minority Issue in the Early Islam Period
		The Millet System
	THE PROTECTION OF MINORITIES IN EUROPE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE OTTOMANS
		The Protection of Christian Minorities in the Ottoman Empire
		The Protection of Muslim Minoritiesin the Former Ottoman Territories in the Balkans
	Notes
Ch3- Minorities in the Republic of Turkey
	“OFFICIAL” MINORITIES IN TURKEY: NON-MUSLIMS
		The “Big Three”
			Armenians
			Jews
			Rums
				Figure 3.1 Number of Students in Rum Schools, 1920–2009
		Non-Muslim Minorities Overlooked by the State
			Antiochian/Arab Greek Orthodox Christians
			Syriacs
			Other Non-Muslims
	OTHER MINORITIES IN TURKEY ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
		Arabs
		Alevis
		Peoples from the Balkans and the Caucasus
		Kurds
		Roma People (Gypsies)
	Notes
Ch4- Turkey’s Obligations Under International Law
	THE ERA OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
		Examining the Concept of Minorities Introduced by the Lausanne Treaty
		Examining Minority Rights Introduced by the Lausanne Treaty
		The Lausanne Treaty as a Human Rights Document: Articles 39/4 and 39/5
		Common Myths in Turkey About the Lausanne Treaty
	THE ERA OF THE UNITED NATIONS
		The UN Conventions and Turkey’s Reservations and Interpretations
		Regional Organizations and Turkey
	Notes
Ch5- Minorities in Turkey’s Laws and Legal Structures
	THE LEGISLATIVE AND THE EXECUTIVE POWERS
		Nation, State, Language: Formulations in the Constitution and Laws
		The Problem of Defining the Citizen and the Turk
		Table 5.1 Mustafa Kemal Pasha’s Choice of Words Before and After the Republic
	THE JUDICIARY
		The Constitutional Court: Decisions to Close Kurdish Parties
		The 1936 Declaration and Its Implementation
	Notes
Ch6- Legislative Reforms, Resistance, and Reversals
	RADICAL REFORMS REGARDING MINORITIES
		Constitutional Amendments
		The EU Harmonization Packages
	IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REFORMS UNTIL 2016
		Practices Related to Non-Muslim Minorities
		Implementations Related to the Kurdish Issue
	CONDITIONS AFTER THE 2016 DECLARATION OF OHAL
		The Situation Pertaining to All Citizens
		The Situation Concerning the Kurds
	Notes
Ch7- The Ideological Foundations of Repression and Discrimination
	THE MENTALITY REGARDING MINORITIES, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND DEMOCRACY
		Defining Citizenship, Nationality, Sub- and Supra-Identities
		The Ideology of the Turkish Nation-State: Nationalism and Turkish-Islamic Synthesis
		Figure 7.1 The Supra-Identity and Sub-Identities in the Ottoman Empire
		Figure 7.2 The Supra-Identity and Sub-Identities in the Republic of Turkey
		The AKP’s Ideology: Islamism and the Islamic-Turkish Synthesis
	HATE SPEECH, HATE CRIMES, AND DISCRIMINATION
		Hate Speech and Hate Crimes
		The Regulation of Hatred and Discrimination in Turkey’s Laws
		Turkey’s International Obligations Regarding Hate and Discrimination
		Incidents of Hate and Discrimination and Related Lawsuits in Turkey
	Notes
Ch8- The Implications of Persistent Rights Violations
	THE BASIC APPROACH: “MINORITIES UPSET THE COHESION OF THE STATE AND OF THE NATION”
		Multiple and Layered Mechanisms
		Outcomes of the Basic Approach
	MODERNIZATION AND DEMOCRATIZATION IN TURKEY: THREE WAVES AND PROBLEMS
		Table 8.1 The Three Waves of Modernization in Turkey: A Comparative Summary
		A Double Contradiction—Entangled Kemalists and Islamists
		A Cacophony of Herodians and Zealots
	Notes
Acronyms
Bibliography
Index
About the Book
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