Military Textiles

Contents......Page 6
Contributor contact details......Page 12
Woodhead Publishing in Textiles......Page 16
Introduction......Page 22
Part I: General requirements for military textiles......Page 24
1.1 Introduction......Page 26
1.2 The current and future challenges faced by the soldier......Page 28
1.3 Dynamic complexity: The impact of the human......Page 32
1.4 Provision of capability and how to make trade-off decisions......Page 34
1.5 Summary......Page 37
1.6 References......Page 38
2.1 Introduction......Page 40
2.2 Protective materials, devices and end-use requirements......Page 46
2.3 Proper selection of fibers......Page 49
2.4 Variations of fiber forms......Page 52
2.5 Filament lay-up composites......Page 62
2.6 Historical uses of non-woven ballistic-resistant fabrics......Page 65
2.7 Methodologies for use of non-woven ballistic-resistant fabrics......Page 66
2.8 Future directions for non-woven fabric applications......Page 70
2.9 References......Page 71
3.1 Introduction: Material resistance, strength and failure......Page 73
3.2 Material strengths......Page 74
3.3 The peculiarities of textile mechanics......Page 77
3.4 Failure criteria for fabrics......Page 79
3.5 Other forms of failure for fabrics and garments......Page 85
3.6 Fabric and garment failure reduction......Page 88
3.7 References......Page 90
4.1 Introduction......Page 94
4.2 The sensory and perceptual properties of fabrics and clothing......Page 97
4.3 The comfort properties of fabrics and clothing......Page 99
4.4 Cognitive influences on fabrics and clothing......Page 104
4.5 Handfeel and comfort evaluations of military fabrics......Page 105
4.6 Cognitive influences on fabric and clothing perception......Page 117
4.7 The role of clothing comfort on military performance......Page 123
4.10 References......Page 126
5.1 Introduction......Page 130
5.2 The multiplicity of characterization methodologies of comfort......Page 131
5.4 The comfort trilobite: Tactile, thermal, and psychological......Page 134
5.5 Modeling the comfort phenomena: The ultimate challenge......Page 146
5.6 Comfort and protection in military clothing......Page 153
5.8 Future trends......Page 156
5.9 References......Page 158
5.10 Bibliography......Page 159
6.1 Introduction: Body/clothing/environment – the microclimate......Page 160
6.2 Heat, moisture and interactions within the microclimate......Page 163
6.3 Heat and moisture interactions in the microclimate......Page 169
6.4 Sweat management for military apparel applications......Page 172
6.5 Conclusions......Page 177
6.6 References......Page 178
7.1 Introduction......Page 181
7.3 Physiological responses to cold......Page 182
7.4 Clothing design principles......Page 185
7.5 Estimation of the clothing insulation required......Page 188
7.6 Evaluation system for textiles and garments......Page 190
7.7 Selection of clothing for cold weather......Page 192
7.8 Sources of further information and advice......Page 201
7.9 References......Page 202
8.1 Introduction......Page 206
8.2 Design process......Page 207
8.4 Physiological monitoring......Page 208
8.5 Thermal management......Page 209
8.6 Signature management......Page 214
8.7 Chemical and biological defense management......Page 217
8.9 Environmental defense......Page 219
8.10 Body armor......Page 220
8.11 Future trends......Page 221
8.12 Sources of further information and advice......Page 224
8.13 References......Page 225
Part II: Protection......Page 228
9.2 Classical high-performance fibers......Page 230
9.3 Rigid chain aromatic high-performance fibers......Page 231
9.4 High-temperature performance fibers......Page 232
9.5 High-performance thermoplastic fibers......Page 233
9.7 Requirements for high-performance fibers......Page 234
9.8 Aramid fibers......Page 236
9.9 Gel spinning of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (HMPE) fiber......Page 242
9.10 Poly(p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole) (PBO) fiber......Page 247
9.12 References......Page 250
10.2 Military usage of textiles......Page 252
10.3 Armor testing......Page 254
10.4 Ballistic limit (V50) testing......Page 258
10.6 Ballistic resistance testing......Page 260
10.7 Blunt trauma (back-face deformation) testing......Page 261
Appendix 10.2 Glossary......Page 263
11.1 Introduction......Page 265
11.2 Current chemical/biological (CB) protective clothing and individual equipment standards......Page 269
11.3 Different types of protective materials......Page 272
11.4 Proper protective material designs......Page 276
11.5 Clothing system designs......Page 279
11.6 Testing and evaluation of chemical/biological (CB) protective materials and clothing systems......Page 281
11.7 Future trends......Page 290
11.9 References......Page 291
Appendix 11.1 Chemical warfare agent characteristics......Page 294
Appendix 11.2 Selected biological agent characteristics......Page 297
Appendix 11.3 Protective gloves and shoes......Page 300
Appendix 11.4 Overgarment and other chemical protective clothing systems......Page 301
Appendix 11.5 Improved toxicological agent protective ensemble (ITAP), self-contained, toxic environment protective outfit (STEPO) and other selected civilian emergency response clothing systems......Page 302
Appendix 11.6 Selected toxic industrial chemicals (TICs)......Page 303
12.1 Introduction......Page 304
12.2 Self-decontaminating materials......Page 305
12.3 Applications......Page 307
12.4 Future trends......Page 313
12.7 References......Page 314
13.1 Introduction......Page 316
13.2 Methods for production of camouflage textiles......Page 318
13.3 Chromic materials......Page 319
13.4 Identification of chromophores......Page 323
13.5 Synthesis of new polymers......Page 324
13.7 Conductive/conjugated polymers......Page 328
13.8 Emissive polymers......Page 335
13.9 Surface attachment of chromophores to conducting polymers......Page 337
13.10 Processing of electrically conducting polymers......Page 338
13.11 Assembling of gold nanoparticles......Page 340
13.14 References......Page 341
14.2 Chemical agent resistant coatings......Page 342
14.3 Influence of environmental regulations......Page 344
14.5 Contribution of binders and pigments......Page 345
14.6 Functional garments for soldiers......Page 346
14.8 Acknowledgment......Page 347
14.10 Bibliography......Page 348
15.1 Introduction......Page 349
15.2 Types of fabrics and their performance......Page 350
15.3 Measuring flame and thermal performance......Page 354
15.4 Clothing system configurations and their performance......Page 355
15.5 Future trends......Page 363
15.6 References......Page 366
Index......Page 369