Migration in West Africa: IMISCOE Regional Reader (IMISCOE Research Series)

Contents
Part I: Changing Patterns and Governance of Migration
	Chapter 1: Migration in West Africa: An Introduction
		1.1 Trends and Patterns of Migration in West Africa
		1.2 Drivers of Migration Within and from West Africa
		1.3 Return Migration in West Africa
		1.4 Outline of the Book
		1.5 Theoretical Contribution and Historical Perspectives
		1.6 What This Book Does Differently from Other Books
		1.7 Target Market and Readership
		References
	Chapter 2: Free Movement and Regional Integration in the ECOWAS Sub-Region
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Historical Overview of Free Movement Protocol
		2.3 Implementation and Outcomes of Free Movement Protocol
		2.4 Challenges Associated with Implementation of the Free Movement Protocol
		2.5 Prospects of Recent Proposed Changes to the Free Movement Protocol
		2.6 Conclusion
		Reference
	Chapter 3: It’s a Journey That Only God Knows: Understanding Irregular Migration in Senegal Through a Religious Lens
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Conceptual Framework
		3.3 Methodology
		3.4 The Context
		3.5 God’s Will in a Context of High-Risk Migration
			3.5.1 The Role of Marabouts
			3.5.2 Balancing Pragmatism with Spirituality
			3.5.3 Gendered Infrastructures of Migration
			3.5.4 Connections with Illicit Activities
		3.6 Experiences During the Journey
		3.7 Extreme Suffering and Risk Are Not a Deterrent
		3.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4: Gendered Dynamics in West African Migration
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Gendered Migration Dynamics in West Africa – An Overview
			4.2.1 Feminization of West African Migration?
		4.3 Migration and the Quest for a Better Future
		4.4 Changing Migration Aspirations
		4.5 Gendered Dynamics of Remittances
			4.5.1 Contested Expectations
		4.6 Gendered Dimensions of Return Migration
			4.6.1 Deportation and Unplanned Return
		4.7 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Environmental and Forced Migration
	Chapter 5: Climate-Induced Migration in West Africa
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Theoretical Perspectives on the Relationship Between Climate Change and Migration
			5.2.1 Conceptual Framework
		5.3 Climatic Zones and Climate Change in West Africa
		5.4 Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in West Africa
		5.5 Evidence of Climate-Induced Migration in West Africa
			5.5.1 Effects of Rapid On-Set Climatic Events on Migration and Displacement
			5.5.2 Effects of Slow On-Set Environmental Processes on Migration
		5.6 Climate Immobility in West Africa
		5.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: ‘Hanging in the Air’: The Experiences of Liberian Refugees in Ghana
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Conflict and the Protracted Displacement of Liberians in West Africa
		6.3 Local Integration
		6.4 Resettlement to the United States
		6.5 Returning to Liberia
		6.6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 7: Gaps in Protection for West African Migrants in Times of Crisis: The Role of a Multi-Stakeholder Platform Within a Partnership in Preparedness Model?
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Migrants’ Access to Social Protection
		7.3 Theorising Conflict
		7.4 Approach
		7.5 Frameworks, Models and Action Plans on Protection of Migrants’ Rights in Africa
		7.6 The Public-Private Partnership Model
		7.7 National Disaster Management and the NPPMC Model
		7.8 Applicability of the Platform Model to the Protection of Migrants During Crisis
		7.9 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Diaspora, Transnationalism and Development
	Chapter 8: International Migration, Diaspora Investments and Development in Nigeria
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 International Migration, Investments and Development in Africa
		8.3 Methodology
		8.4 Data Presentation and Discussion
			8.4.1 Profile of Diaspora Investment
			8.4.2 Challenges of Diaspora Relative to Investments
			8.4.3 Coping Mechanisms of Diaspora Relative to Investment
			8.4.4 Diaspora’s Investments and Development in Nigeria
		8.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: International Remittances and Development in West Africa: The Case of Burkina Faso
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Remittances and Development in Burkina Faso
			9.2.1 Migration and Remittances in the History of Burkina Faso
			9.2.2 Sources of Remittances Data and Their Impact on Development
				9.2.2.1 The World Bank Indicators
				9.2.2.2 National Surveys and the Impact of Remittances on Development
		9.3 Remittances and Enterprises
			9.3.1 Descriptive Statistics
			9.3.2 Remittances and the Probability of Setting Up a Business
				9.3.2.1 Baseline Specification
				9.3.2.2 Heterogeneity
		9.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: Migrants in the Plantation Economy in Côte d’Ivoire: A Historical Perspective
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Trend and Patterns of Migration in Côte d’Ivoire
			10.2.1 Beyond the Plantation Economy: Other Migrants
		10.3 Historical Analysis of the Factors That Influence Labour Migration Flows in Côte d’Ivoire
			10.3.1 Labour Migration Laws and Agreements in Early Post-independence
			10.3.2 The 1980s Economic Down Turn and Nationalistic Laws
			10.3.3 Military-Political and Post-electoral Crises of 2000s
		10.4 Immigrants’ Access to Agricultural Land
		10.5 Child Labour in Côte d’Ivoire
		10.6 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Return Migration
	Chapter 11: Return, Precarity and Vulnerability in West Africa: Evidence from Nigeria
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Precarity, Vulnerability and Return Migration: Conceptual Clarifications
		11.3 Context of the Study
			11.3.1 Trends in Migration and Return Migration in Nigeria
		11.4 Methods
		11.5 The Efforts of the Nigerian State in Implementing Return and Reintegration Programmes
		11.6 Legal-Bureaucratic Construction of Vulnerability
		11.7 Lived Realities of Returnees and Their Perspectives of Vulnerability and Precarity in Returning to Their Communities of Origin
			11.7.1 Living Conditions (Changes in Accommodation, Feeding and Personal Safety)
			11.7.2 Employment Opportunities/ Livelihood Support
			11.7.3 Family Support
			11.7.4 Indebtedness
			11.7.5 Participation and Access in Communal Activities and Social Settings
		11.8 Linking the Political Economy of Return and Reintegration with the Lived Realities of Vulnerability and Precarity Faced by Returnees
		11.9 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12: The Janus-Face of Contemporary Migration: Perspectives on West African Return Migration and Transnationalism with a Focus on Ghana and Senegal
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Return Migration and Its Intentions
		12.3 West African Migration to the Global North
			12.3.1 Senegal and Ghana: International Migration Trends
		12.4 Return Migration: Perspectives from Above
			12.4.1 The Case of Western Governments
			12.4.2 The Case of the Senegalese and Ghanaian Governments
		12.5 Return Migration from Below: Emic Perspectives of Ghanaian and Senegalese Migrants
		12.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: Conclusions
		References