Migration from the Newly Independent States: 25 Years After the Collapse of the USSR (Societies and Political Orders in Transition)

Contents
Introduction
	References
Part I: General Trends of International Migration in Post-Soviet Space
	Migration Between Successor States of the Soviet Union: Long-Term Factors
		1 Matching Production and Consumption
		2 Classic Migration Models: Relevancy in Post-Soviet Context
		3 Post-Soviet Countries´ Residual Togetherness
		4 Historical Patterns of Migration
		5 Lasting Factors of Interstate Migration
			5.1 Quality of Life
			5.2 Russia´s Working Age Population
			5.3 Conflicts
			5.4 Job Creation
			5.5 Attitude Toward Migrants
			5.6 Size of Diasporas
			5.7 Perception of Russia´s Stability
			5.8 Belarus as a Migration Magnet
		References
	Permanent Migration in the Post-Soviet Countries
		1 Introduction
		2 Historical Background
		3 Migration Factors After the Collapse of the USSR
			3.1 Political Factors
			3.2 Migration Regulation in the CIS Countries
			3.3 Economic Factors
			3.4 Demographic Factors
			3.5 Social Factors
		4 Data Sources
		5 Long-Term Migration Flows
		6 Migrants´ Stock
		7 Human Capital Redistribution
		8 Forced Migration
		9 Repatriation of Compatriots
		10 Conclusion
		References
	Labour Migration on the Post-Soviet Territory
		1 Introduction
		2 Status of Labour Migration Statistics
		3 Labour Migration in the 1990s
		4 Influx of Labour Migrants in 2000s
			4.1 Russia
			4.2 Kazakhstan
			4.3 Other Countries
		5 Mixed Trends in the 2010s
			5.1 Russia
			5.2 Kazakhstan
			5.3 Other Countries
		6 Characteristics of Labour Migrants in Russia
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Emigration from the CIS Countries: Old Intentions-New Regularities
		1 Introduction
		2 Data Sources
		3 Beginning of the Outflow: Gorbachev´s ``Perestroika´´
		4 First 10 Years After the Breakup of the USSR
		5 Emigration in the 2000s
		6 Migration Flows: Results for 25 Years
		7 Temporary Migration as a Step Toward Permanent Migration
		8 Student Migration
		9 Migration Stock
			9.1 Born in the New Independent States
			9.2 CIS Citizens in the Far Abroad
		10 Structure of Immigrant Population
			10.1 Age Structure
			10.2 Gender Differences
			10.3 Structure by Education
		11 Conclusion
		References
Part II: New Independent States as Countries of Origin and Destination
	Migration Trends and Migration Potential of Georgia´s Population
		1 Introduction
		2 Migration Data
		3 Migration Trends in Post-Soviet Georgia
		4 Migration Potential of Georgian Students
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Migration from Moldova: Trajectories and Implications for the Country of Origin
		1 Introduction
		2 Long-Term Migration
			2.1 Dynamics of Emigrant Flows
			2.2 Stock of Emigrants
			2.3 Characteristics of Long-Term Emigrants
		3 Short-Term Migration
			3.1 Labour Migration Trends
			3.2 Characteristics of Work Migrants
		4 Determinants of Migration
		5 Impact of Migration
			5.1 The Impact on the Local Labour Market
				5.1.1 The Deterioration of the Country´s Demographic Potential
				5.1.2 Social Effects of Migration
				5.1.3 Migration and Diffusion of Democratic Values
		6 The Main Policy Direction in the Field of Migration
		7 Conclusions
		References
	International Migration of the Ukrainian Population Since Independence
		1 Introduction
		2 The First Period of Migration After 1991
		3 Migration in the Transition Period
		4 The Third Period of Contemporary Migration
		5 Development of Migration Processes in Conditions of Crisis
		6 Development of Migration Policy in the Course of the Visa Liberalization Process
		7 Contemporary Development of Migration and Migration Policy
		References
	Labor Mobility of Migrants from the Post-Soviet Expanse States at the Russian Labor Market
		1 Introduction
		2 Profiles of Migrants
			2.1 Social and Demographic Profiles
			2.2 Profiles of Employment
		3 The Labor Mobility
			3.1 Change of Types of Economic Activity
			3.2 Change of Occupations
			3.3 Vertical Mobility
		4 Conclusion
		References
	The Infrastructure Created by Migrants: The Case of Migrants from Kyrgyzstan in Moscow
		1 The Situation of Social Exclusion of Migrants in Russia
		2 Housing Opportunities
		3 Health Care
		4 Day Care
		5 Educational Opportunities
		6 Discussion and Conclusions
		References
	Selection Patterns During Migration Boom: The Case of Tajikistan
		1 Introduction
		2 Tajikistan as a Sending Country
		3 Effects of Migration
		4 The Data
		5 Household Migration Participation
		6 Migrant Profiles, Household, and Community Characteristics Affecting Migration: A Descriptive Analysis
		7 The Selection Model
		8 Conclusion
		References
Part III: The Old Centers of Gravitation
	Immigration into Germany from the Former Soviet Union
		1 Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union Within the Overall Immigration in Germany
		2 Available Data Sources and Concepts
		3 The Regional Distribution of Migrants from the Former Soviet Union Within Germany
		4 Demographic Characteristics of Migrants from the Former Soviet Union
		5 Humanitarian Migration from the Soviet Union and Its Successor States
		6 The Structural Integration of Migrants from the Former Soviet Union: A Comparison
			6.1 A Brief Review of the State of Research
			6.2 Research Strategy
			6.3 School Attendance
			6.4 Educational Attainment
			6.5 Labor Market Participation
			6.6 Job Quality
			6.7 Income
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Post-Soviet Immigrants in Germany: Current Research Perspectives
		1 Introduction
		2 Historical Background
		3 Legal Frameworks and Integration Regimes
		4 Language Usage and Identities
		5 Perceptions and Prejudice
		6 Political Attitudes
		7 Transnationalism
		8 Conclusion: Diaspora(s)?
		References
	Russian Academic Diaspora: Its Scale, Dynamics, Structural Characteristics, and Ties to the RF
		1 Elite Migration: A Global Perspective
		2 Elite Migration in Russian and Soviet History
		3 The New, ``Temporary,´´ Elite Migration
		4 Russian Intellectual Diaspora: Its Scale and Structure
		5 Status and Challenges
		6 Russia and Its Academic Diaspora
		7 Engaging the Diaspora: Problems and Prospects
		References
	A Half Century of Jewish Emigration from the Former Soviet Union
		1 Introduction and Sources
		2 Dynamics of Emigration
		3 Demographic Selectivity of Emigration
		4 Numerical Decline and Resettlement
		5 New Demography of FSU Migrants: Israeli Case
		6 Concluding Remarks
		Appendix
		References
	Migrants from the Former Soviet Union to France: A Diversity of Profiles
		1 Introduction
		2 Migrant Stocks
			2.1 Volume
			2.2 Sociodemographic Characteristics
		3 Migration Flows
			3.1 Volume
			3.2 International Protection
			3.3 Family
			3.4 Education
			3.5 Work
		4 Profiles of Recent Migrants
			4.1 Migratory Trajectories from the FSU to France
			4.2 Couple Formation Among Spouses of French
			4.3 Support Networks and Homelessness Among Recent Arrivals
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Immigrants from Post-Soviet States: Socioeconomic Characteristics and Integration Outcomes in Canada
		1 Introduction
		2 The Level and Characteristics of Post-Soviet Immigrants to Canada
		3 Socioeconomic Integration of Post-Soviet Immigrants in Canada
		4 Summary
		References
Part IV: New Times: New Roads
	Former Soviet Union Migration to Italy: Characteristics and Determinants of Women Condition in the Italian Labour Market
		1 Introduction
		2 Evolution and Characteristics of FSU Immigration in Italy
		3 Data and Methods
		4 FSU Citizens in the Labour Market: A Descriptive Glance
		5 Over-education and Caregivers: Are FSU Citizens the Most Exposed?
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Demographic and Migratory Characteristics and Settlement Models of the Former Soviet Union Citizens Residing in Italy
		1 Introduction: Arrival and Territorial Settlement
		2 Some Features of the FSU Citizens
			2.1 Recent Trends, Demographic, and Migratory Characteristics
			2.2 Similarities and Differences with Other Foreign Communities
		3 Settlement Models: FSU Citizens and Other Foreigners
			3.1 The Geographical Distribution
			3.2 Some Aspects of the Territories of Residence
			3.3 Territorial Specialization and De-specialization
			3.4 A Possible Taxonomy of Settlement Models
		4 Looking for Some Factors of the Settlement Models
			4.1 The Role of Demographic and Migratory Characteristics
			4.2 The Role of Territorial Specializations
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Between Cross-Border Friction and Opportunity: Moldovan Immigrants in Spain
		1 Introduction
		2 Theoretical Framework: Friction and Opportunity at the Border
		3 Moldovans in Spain
		4 Methodology
		5 Cross-Border Friction and Barriers to Movement
		6 From Uncertainty to Opportunity
		7 Conclusions
		References
	The Integration of Russian-Speaking Immigrants to Finland: A Social Psychological Perspective
		1 Russian-Speakers in Finland
		2 Integration: Indicators, Challenges, and Remedies
			2.1 Socioeconomic Adaptation
			2.2 Social Relations
			2.3 Health and Well-Being
			2.4 Membership and Participation in Society
			2.5 Perceived Discrimination a Challenge to Integration
			2.6 Collective Action as a Way to Challenge Inequalities
			2.7 Integration as Change
			2.8 Integration as Socially Constructed in Everyday Interaction
		3 To Conclude
		List of Publications in the Social Psychological Research Program Reviewed Above:
		Further References
	Immigration from the Former Soviet Union to Hungary: Economic Mobility Rooted in Historical Links and Ethnic Ties
		1 Introduction
		2 Migration Trends from the Former Soviet Union to Hungary
			2.1 Changing Migration Flows: Changing Contexts
			2.2 Stock of Foreign-Born Population Versus Stock of Foreign Citizens
			2.3 Demographic Composition and Territorial Distribution of Immigrating Post-Soviet Citizens
		3 Characteristics and Integration of the Immigrant Population Born in Post-Soviet Countries
			3.1 Composition by Country of Origin and Year of Arrival
			3.2 Ethnicity, Mother Tongue and Spoken Language
			3.3 Composition by Citizenship
			3.4 Socio-Demographic Composition
			3.5 Labour Market Integration
		4 Macro Contexts and Individual Motivations of Immigration from Ukraine to Hungary
		5 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Post-Soviet Migrants in Poland: A Uniform or Heterogeneous Population?
		1 Introduction
		2 Former Connections to Poland
		3 Migration Policy Instruments Facilitating Migration from the East
		4 Post-Soviet Migrants in Numbers
		5 Migrant Characteristics
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Whither Studies of `Post-Soviet´ Migrants in the UK? Key Themes in Current Academic Research
		1 Group Boundaries, Definitions, and Challenges
		2 `Russian-Speakers´
		3 Russians
		4 Baltic Migrants: `East Europeans´
		5 Non-EU, Non-Russian Migrants
		6 Conclusion and Prospective Research Directions
		References