Micropollutants and Challenges: Emerging in the Aquatic Environments and Treatment Processes

Micropollutants and Challenges
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 Introduction
	1.1 Emerging micropollutants
	1.2 Resources of emerging micropollutants
	1.3 Occurrence of emerging micropollutants in wastewater treatment plants
	1.4 Occurrence of emerging micropollutants in surface water
	1.5 Occurrence of emerging micropollutants in groundwater
	1.6 Occurrence of emerging micropollutants in drinking water
	1.7 Processes controlling the fate of emerging micropollutants during wastewater treatment
		1.7.1 Effective factors related to emerging micropollutants properties
			Sorption
			Photolysis
			Volatilization
			Biotransformation
		1.7.2 Effective factors related to the operation condition of wastewater treatment plants
			Sludge Retention Time
			Hydraulic Retention Time
			Redox condition
			PH
			Temperature
	1.8 Emerging micropollutants and sustainable treatment options
		1.8.1 Coagulation–flocculation
		1.8.2 Activated carbon adsorption
			Powdered activated carbon
			Granular activated carbon
			1.8.3 Ozonation and advanced oxidation processes
			1.8.4 Membrane processes
			1.8.5 Membrane bioreactor
	1.9 Future challenges and perspectives
	1.10 Conclusion
	References
2 Pharmaceuticals as emerging micropollutants in aquatic environments
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity of pharmaceuticals
	2.3 Necessary data for ecological risk assessment of pharmaceuticals
	2.4 Sources and pathways of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments
	2.5 Methods of pharmaceutical removal from water and wastewater
		2.5.1 Conventional treatment methods
		2.5.2 Advanced oxidation processes
			2.5.2.1 Ozenation
			2.5.2.2 Fenton and photofenton
			2.5.2.3 UV and UV/peroxide processes
			2.5.2.4 Electrochemical oxidation
			2.5.2.5 TiO2 photocatalytic degradation
		2.5.3 Membrane filtration
	2.6 Advantage and disadvantage of different removal methods
	2.7 Factors influencing the concentration of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment
	2.8 Most investigated pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment
		2.8.1 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
		2.8.2 Psychiatric drugs
		2.8.3 Cardiovascular drugs
		2.8.4 Steroid hormones, antibiotics, and hypocholesterolemic drugs
	2.9 Standards and guidelines for pharmaceutical concentrations in the environment
	2.10 Conclusion and recommendation for future studies
	References
3 Personal care products as an endocrine disrupting compound in the aquatic environment
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Classification of home and personal care products
		3.2.1 Triclosan and triclocarban
		3.2.2 Fragrances
		3.2.3 Insect repellents
		3.2.4 Preservatives
		3.2.5 Ultraviolet filters (sunscreens)
		3.2.6 Biocide compounds
		3.2.7 Benzotriazole
		3.2.8 Surfactants
		3.2.9 Phthalates
		3.2.10 Siloxanes
	3.3 Pathways of personal care products in the environment
	3.4 Fates of personal care products in wastewater treatment plants
	3.5 Health effects of personal care products on biota and humans
	3.6 Control strategies for personal care product contamination
		3.6.1 Membrane filtration
		3.6.2 Granular activated carbon
		3.6.3 Advanced oxidation processes
	3.7 Conclusion
	References
4 Surfactants: an emerging face of pollution
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Classification of surfactants
		4.2.1 Cationic surfactants
			4.2.1.1 Detection/determination
			4.2.1.2 Degradation/removal
		4.2.2 Nonionic surfactants
			4.2.2.1 Detection/determination
			4.2.2.2 Degradation/removal
		4.2.3 Anionic surfactants
			4.2.3.1 Detection/determination
			4.2.3.2 Degradation/removal
		4.2.4 Amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactants
			4.2.4.1 Detection/determination
			4.2.4.2 Degradation/removal
	4.3 Adverse effects of surfactants
		4.3.1 On aquatic plants
		4.3.2 On aquatic animals
		4.3.3 On water environment
		4.3.4 On humans body
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
5 Risks and challenges of pesticides in aquatic environments
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Classification based on chemical composition of pesticides
		5.2.1 Organochlorines
		5.2.2 Organophosphates
			5.2.2.1 Malathion
			5.2.2.2 Temephos
			5.2.2.3 Dimethoate
			5.2.2.4 Phorate
			5.2.2.5 Dichlorvos
			5.2.2.6 Trichlorfon
			5.2.2.7 Fenthion
			5.2.2.8 Phosphamidon
		5.2.3 Carbamates
		5.2.4 Pyrethrin, and pyrethroids
		5.2.5 Other pesticides
	5.3 Overview of the fate of pesticides in the environment and water
	5.4 Ecotoxicological risk assessment of pesticide
	5.5 Routs of human exposure to pesticides
		5.5.1 Occupational exposure
		5.5.2 General public exposure (none occupational exposure)
	5.6 Types of human exposure to pesticide
	5.7 Pesticides removal methods from aquatic environments
		5.7.1 Pesticides removal by membrane filtration
			5.7.1.1 Membrane filtration characteristics
			5.7.1.2 Membrane molecular weight cut-off and other pore size parameters
			5.7.1.3 Effect of pesticides properties on retention
			5.7.1.4 Effect of the feed water composition
		5.7.2 Pesticides removal by photobased methods
		5.7.3 Adsorption for pesticides removal
			5.7.3.1 Biosorption method using low-cost sorbent
			5.7.3.2 Pesticides adsorption on carbonaceous materials
			5.7.3.3 Pesticide adsorption on biochar
	5.8 Analysis of pesticides
		5.8.1 Extraction procedures
			5.8.1.1 Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method (theory and fundamentals)
				5.8.1.1.1 Analytical parameters affecting extraction efficiency of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
				5.8.1.1.2 Classification in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
				5.8.1.1.3 Analytical applications of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction in the analysis of pesticides
				5.8.1.1.4 Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography
				5.8.1.1.5 Advantages of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
			5.8.1.2 Solid-phase extraction
			5.8.1.3 Solid-phase microextraction
	5.9 Pesticide management and control
	5.10 Conclusion
	References
6 Other trace elements (heavy metals) and chemicals in aquatic environments
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Trace elements: definition
	6.3 Environmental sources of trace elements
	6.4 Production and uses
	6.5 Distributions of trace elements
		6.5.1 Water and wastewater
		6.5.2 Sea foods
		6.5.3 Personal care products
		6.5.4 Human samples
			6.5.4.1 Route of exposure of heavy metals in humans
			6.5.4.2 Mechanism of heavy metal toxicity
		6.5.5 Review of removal processes from aquatic environments
			6.5.5.1 Primary treatment
				6.5.5.1.1 Microfiltration
				6.5.5.1.2 Coagulation and flocculation
			6.5.5.2 Secondary treatment
			6.5.5.3 Tertiary treatment
				6.5.5.3.1 Chemical oxidation
				6.5.5.3.2 Electrochemical precipitation
				6.5.5.3.3 Crystallization and distillation
				6.5.5.3.4 Photo catalysis
			6.5.5.4 New technologies for tertiary treatment
				6.5.5.4.1 Adsorption
				6.5.5.4.2 Carbon-based nanosorbents
				6.5.5.4.3 Zeolite based nanosorbents
				6.5.5.4.4 Metal-based nanosorbents
				6.5.5.4.5 Membrane processing
				6.5.5.4.6 Ultrafiltration
				6.5.5.4.7 Nanofiltration
				6.5.5.4.8 Reverse osmosis
				6.5.5.4.9 Nanohybrid membranes
				6.5.5.4.10 Electro dialysis
			6.5.5.5 Ion exchange resins
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
7 Conclusions and future research
	7.1 General markers
	7.2 Occurrence of emerging micropollutants in wastewater treatment plants
	7.3 Ecotoxicity and risk assessment
	7.4 Chemical analysis
	7.5 Removal methods
	References
Glossary
Index