Microplastics: Environmental Pollution and Degradation Process

Contents
1 Microplastics Pollution: Global Challenge and Future Potential Solution
	1 Introduction
	2 Origin of Microplastics and Classification
		2.1 Primary Microplastics
		2.2 Secondary Microplastics
	3 Sources of Microplastics Within the Environment
		3.1 Microplastic in Air
		3.2 Microplastic in Land
		3.3 Microplastic in Freshwater
		3.4 Microplastic in Marine Water
	4 Transport Process
	5 Harmful Effects of Microplastics
		5.1 Effect on Marine Life
		5.2 Effects of Microplastic on Soil
		5.3 Effect on Human Health
	6 Treatment of Microplastics Pollution
		6.1 Physical Methods
		6.2 Chemical Methods
		6.3 Biodegradation of Microplastics
	7 Conclusions
	References
2 Sources, Types, and Occurrences of Microplastics in Soil, Water, and Air
	1 Introduction
	2 Microplastics
		2.1 Indian Scenario of Microplastics
		2.2 Sources of Microplastics
	3 Types of Microplastics in Environment
	4 Occurrences of Microplastics
		4.1 Occurrence of Microplastics in Oceans
		4.2 Occurrence of Microplastics in Freshwater Systems
		4.3 Occurrence of Microplastics in Terrestrial Ecosystems
	5 Conclusion
	References
3 Global Risks of Microplastics to Ecosystem and Human Health: An Emerging Environmental Disaster
	1 Introduction
	2 Ecotoxicology of Microplastics and Environmental Safety:
	3 Microplastics Sources and Pathways in the Environment
	4 The Consequences of Microplastic Contamination
		4.1 Potential Effects of Microplastics on the Environment
		4.2 Possible Peril to Aquatic Organisms and Vegetation
		4.3 Possibility of Harm to Terrestrial Organisms and Vegetation
		4.4 Effects of Microplastics on Soil Function and Structure
	5 Conclusion
	References
4 The Environmental Fate of Microplastics
	1 Introduction
	2 Micropollutants in Soils
	3 Micropollutants in Water
	4 Conclusions
	References
5 Microplastics Interactions with PFAS and Co-transport in the Soil
	1 Introduction
	2 Pathways of Co-transport of Microplastics in Soil
		2.1 Biota
		2.2 Compost
		2.3 Wastewater
	3 Microplastic Interactions with PFAS and Co-transport in the Soil
		3.1 PFAS and MPs Interaction in the Food Supply Chain
	4 The Relationship Between PFAS, MPs, and Climate Change
	5 Current Knowledge and Awareness and Comprehension of PFAS and MPs Pollution
	6 Conclusion
	References
6 Personal Protective Equipment Associated with COVID-19 Pandemic and Microplastic
	1 Introduction
	2 PPE: Types and Materials
	3 Materials Used in PPE Production
	4 Durability and Disposal of PPE
	5 Microplastics Pollution
	6 MPs Distribution in the Environment
	7 Environmental Consequences of MPs Pollution
	8 Relationship Between PPE Usage and Microplastic Pollution
	9 Mitigating Strategies to Reduce MP and PPE Pollution
	10 Conclusion
	References
7 Microplastics in the Marine Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Primary Origins of MPs in the Marine Environment
		2.1 Land-Based Sources of Pollution
		2.2 Sea-Based Sources of Pollution
	3 MPs Transport and Sinks in the Ocean
	4 Methods of Analysis of MPs in Marine Environments
	5 Degradation of MPs in the Marine Environment
	6 Conclusions
	References
8 Microplastics and Food Safety
	1 Introduction
	2 Associated Contaminants and Pathogens
		2.1 Chemical Contaminants
		2.2 Pathogens
	3 MP Contamination in Foods
		3.1 Seafood
		3.2 Vegetables and Fruits
	4 Sources of Contamination
	5 Conclusions
	References
9 Exploring the Core Aspects of Microplastic Pollution: Origin, Distribution, Imprint, Detection, and Policy Solutions
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Sources
		1.2 Global Distribution
	2 Microplastic Imprint
		2.1 Aquatic and Terrestrial System
		2.2 Human Health
	3 Detection and Analysis
	4 Policy and Regulations
		4.1 The European Union
		4.2 United Nations Environment Programme
		4.3 Indian Government
	5 Key Recap Points
	6 Conclusion
	References
10 The Advancements and Detection Methodologies for Microplastic Detection in Environmental Samples
	1 Introduction
	2 Sampling Techniques for MPs Detection
		2.1 Sampling
		2.2 Sample Processing
	3 Visual Sorting and Inspection of Microplastics
		3.1 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
		3.2 Optical Sensing
	4 Advancement in Microplastic Detection Methods
	5 Discussion on Various Detection Methods
		5.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
		5.2 Microfluidics
		5.3 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography
		5.4 Raman Spectroscopy
	6 Conclusion
	7 Declaration of Competing Interest
	References
11 Advancements in Microplastic Removal Techniques and Sustainable Solutions for Plastic Reduction
	1 Introduction
	2 Sources of Microplastics
		2.1 Sources of Microplastics in Terrestrial Area
		2.2 Sources of Microplastics in Water
	3 Methods for Treating Microplastic Affected Samples
		3.1 Classical Treatment Methods
		3.2 Electrocoagulation Method
		3.3 Magnetic Extraction
		3.4 Biological Process
		3.5 Membrane Filtration
		3.6 Pulse Clarification
		3.7 Metal–Organic Frameworks
	4 Microplastic Mitigation: Proactive Environmental Controls
		4.1 Reducing the Usage of Plastics
		4.2 Education and Awareness
		4.3 Improving Waste Disposal Methods
		4.4 Avoid Littering
		4.5 Recycling
	5 Conclusions and Future Recommendations
	6 Declaration of Competing Interest
	References
12 An Advanced Approach of MOF-Mediated Microplastic Degradation After Confiscating Microplastics by MOFs
	1 Introduction
	2 MOFs as Adsorbents
		2.1 State of the Art for MOFs as Adsorbents
		2.2 Establishment of MOF-Membrane Filter
		2.3 Establishment of MOF-Foam Filter
		2.4 Mechanisms of Microplastic Confiscation Within MOFs
		2.5 Physical Adsorption
		2.6 Steps in Physical Adsorption
	3 Primary Forces Driving the Physisorption
		3.1 Non-bonding Forces
	4 NBIs Are Necessary for MOF-Microplastic Structure Integrity
		4.1 Electrostatic Attraction
		4.2 Ion–Dipole Interactions
		4.3 Magnetic Interaction
		4.4 Exchange Attraction- Repulsion Interaction
		4.5 Solvation Effects
		4.6 Polarizability Energy
	5 Catalytic Degradation by MOF
		5.1 Depletion of Counterions
		5.2 State of the Art for Catalytic Degradation by MOF
		5.3 Combinations of Mechanisms
		5.4 Steps in MOF-Mediated Microplastic Adsorption and Degradation
		5.5 Mechanism of MOF Mediated Microplastic Degradation
	6 Conclusions and Prospectives
	References
13 Wastewater Treatment Plants and Microplastic Degradation
	1 Introduction
	2 Current Trends of Microplastic Degradation Present in the Wastewater
	3 Photocatalytic Degradation
		3.1 Photocatalytic Metal Oxides-Based Photocatalysts
		3.2 MOF-Based Semiconductor Photocatalysts
		3.3 Photocatalytic Bismuth-Based Semiconductor Photocatalysts
		3.4 Other Photocatalysts
	4 Conclusion
	References