Microplastics in Environment: Source, Potential Risks, Analytical Challenges, and Remediation Strategies

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Editor Biographies
List of Contributors
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Microplastics Pollution: An Overview of the Global Crisis
	1.1 Microplastics Pollution: An Overview
	References
Chapter 2 The Emergence, Chemical Nature, Classification, and Properties of Microplastics
	2.1 Introduction: Emergence
	2.2 Chemical Nature of Microplastics
		2.2.1 Polyethylene
		2.2.2 Polypropylene
		2.2.3 Polystyrene
		2.2.4 Polyvinyl Chloride
		2.2.5 Polyethylene Terephthalate
	2.3 Classification of Microplastics
		2.3.1 Primary Microplastics
		2.3.2 Secondary Microplastics
	2.4 Properties of Microplastics
		2.4.1 Size Range of Microplastics
		2.4.2 Shape
		2.4.3 Density
		2.4.4 Surface Area
		2.4.5 Adsorption Capacity
		2.4.6 Hydrophobicity
		2.4.7 Color
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 Identifying and Characterizing Microplastics
	3.1 Introduction: Microplastics in Various Environmental Media
	3.2 MPs Extraction Methods
		3.2.1 Density Separation
		3.2.2 Oil Extraction
		3.2.3 Electrostatic Separation
		3.2.4 Other Methods
	3.3 MPs Identification and Characterization Methods
		3.3.1 Visual Inspection
		3.3.2 FT–IR Spectroscopy
		3.3.3 Raman Spectroscopy
		3.3.4 Other Methods
	3.4 MPs Quantification Methods
	3.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 4 Unraveling the Microplastics Mystery: Computational Insights, Real-World Cases, and the Road Ahead
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Computational Approaches in Environmental Science
		4.2.1 Optimizing Nanomaterials for Remediation Efficiency
		4.2.2 Biological Remediation through Computational Biology
	4.3 Sensing MPs
		4.3.1 Machine Learning and Image Processing
		4.3.2 Automated Image Analysis
		4.3.3 Computer Vision
		4.3.4 Modeling and Simulation
		4.3.5 Environmental Fate Modeling
		4.3.6 Numeric Simulations
	4.4 Remediation Strategies
		4.4.1 Filtration and Physical Removal
		4.4.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics
		4.4.3 Biodegradation and Bioremediation
		4.4.4 Bioinformatics and Metagenomics
		4.4.5 Chemical Degradation
		4.4.6 Quantum Chemistry Simulations
		4.4.7 Nanotechnology
		4.4.8 Molecular Dynamics Simulations
		4.4.9 Electrochemical Methods
		4.4.10 Finite Element Analysis
		4.4.11 Sonication and Cavitations
		4.4.12 Acoustic Simulations
		4.4.13 Advanced Oxidation Processes
		4.4.14 Reaction Kinetics Modeling
	4.5 Environmental Monitoring and Decision Support Systems
	4.6 Waste Management and Source Reduction
	4.7 Policy and Decision Support
	4.8 Case Studies
	4.9 Challenges and Future Directions
		4.9.1 Computational Approaches for Complex Environmental Systems
		4.9.2 Data Variability and Validation
		4.9.3 Interdisciplinary Integration
		4.9.4 ML for Enhanced Sensing
		4.9.5 Sensor Networks and IoT Technologies
		4.9.6 In Silico Design of Novel Remediation Strategies
		4.9.7 Global Collaboration and Standardization
	4.10 Conclusion: Navigating the Digital Frontiers of MP Solutions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 5 Monitoring Microplastics and Nanoplastics in a Marine Realm
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Marine Fish
	5.3 Bivalves
		5.3.1 Mussels
		5.3.2 Asian Clams
		5.3.3 Oysters
	5.4 Marine Sponge
	5.5 Marine Crustaceans
		5.5.1 Barnacles
		5.5.2 Lobsters
		5.5.3 Shrimp
	5.6 Marine Zooplankton
	5.7 Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mammals
	5.8 Marine Bioindicators for NP Risk Assessments
	5.9 Conclusion and Perspectives
		5.9.1 Perspectives
	5.10 Credit Authorship Contribution Statement
	5.11 Declaration of Competing Interest
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 6 Microplastics in Soils: Sources, Fate, Toxicity, and Remediation Technologies
	6.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
	6.2 MP Sources, Abundances, and Soil Distribution
	6.3 Effects of MPs on Soil Properties
	6.4 Effects of MPs on Soil Biota
	6.5 Effects of MPs on Soil Fauna
	6.6 Effects of MPs on Plants
	6.7 Effects of MPs on Mammals
	6.8 Mitigation and Remediation of Microplastic Contamination
	References
Chapter 7 Airborne Microplastics: Sources, Characteristics, Dynamics, and Health Implications
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Sources
		7.2.1 Outdoor
		7.2.2 Indoor
	7.3 Physicochemical Characteristics
		7.3.1 Shape, Color, and Polymer Type
	7.4 Atmospheric Transport
	7.5 Co-pollutants/Additives
		7.5.1 Sorption Mechanisms
	7.6 Sampling and Analysis
		7.6.1 Sample Collection
		7.6.2 Sample Processing
		7.6.3 Analytical Techniques for MPs
		7.6.4 Analytical Techniques for Monitoring Co-pollutants/Additives
	7.7 Human Exposure
	7.8 Conclusion
	Declaration of Competing Interest
	Acknowledgement
	References
Chapter 8 Household Microplastic Pollutants: A Potential Contributor to Indoor Microplastics Pollution
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Types of Indoor Household Microplastic Pollutants
		8.2.1 Indoor Dust
		8.2.2 Cosmetics and Personal Care Products
		8.2.3 Drinks
		8.2.4 Household Laundry
		8.2.5 Dishwashers
		8.2.6 Chopping Board
		8.2.7 Toothpaste and Dental Care Products
		8.2.8 Food Packaging
	8.3 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9 Adverse Impacts of Microplastics on Animal Health
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 MP Effects on Different Fauna
		9.2.1 MP Impacts on Insects
		9.2.2 MP Impacts on Aquatic Organisms
		9.2.3 MP Impacts on Birds
		9.2.4 MP Impacts on Mice
		9.2.5 MP Impacts on Cattle
	9.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10 Novel Remediation Pathways for Mitigating Microplastic Pollution
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Sources of MP Pollutants
	10.3 MP Impacts on Ecosystems
	10.4 Novel Techniques for MP Deterioration
		10.4.1 Physical Methods
		10.4.2 Biodegradation Pathways
		10.4.3 Biotechnological Interventions
		10.4.4 Advanced Oxidation Processes
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 Emerging Frontiers in Environmental Biotechnology: Bridging Gaps to Confront the Microplastics Menace
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Navigating the Environmental Biotechnological Landscape: Addressing Key Challenges in MP Management
		11.2.1 Sources of MP Pollutants in the Environment
		11.2.2 Biotechnology in MP Remediation and Environmental Sustainability
		11.2.3 Biotechnology for Environmental MP Detection and Degradation
	11.3 MP Remediation
		11.3.1 Green Biotechnology
		11.3.2 Blue Biotechnology
		11.3.3 White Biotechnology
		11.3.4 Red Biotechnology
	11.4 Recent Advances and Future Frontiers in Environmental Biotechnology for MP Remediation
		11.4.1 In Agriculture
		11.4.2 In Crop Processing
		11.4.3 In Energy Production
		11.4.4 In Aquaculture
		11.4.5 In Industrial Development
		11.4.6 In Biosensors
	11.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 12 Biodecomposition of Microplastics: A Sustainable Approach for Microplastic Waste Management
	12.1 Introduction to Microplastics
	12.2 Impacts of MPs on the Ecosystem
		12.2.1 Effects on the Ecosystem
		12.2.2 Impacts on Human and Animal Health
	12.3 MP Biodegradation: The Need of the Hour
	12.4 Microorganisms in MP Biodegradation
		12.4.1 Bacterial Degradation of MPs
		12.4.2 Fungal Degradation of MPs
		12.4.3 Algal Degradation of MPs
		12.4.4 Insect Degradation of MPs
	12.5 Microbial Degradation of MPs
		12.5.1 Biodeterioration
		12.5.2 Biofragmentation
		12.5.3 Bioassimilation
		12.5.4 Biomineralization
	12.6 Microbial Enzymes and MP Degradation
	12.7 Strategies to Enhance MP Biodegradation
		12.7.1 Novel Microorganisms That Can Degrade MPs
		12.7.2 Identifying and Utilizing Microbial Consortium and Enzyme Cocktail
		12.7.3 Pretreatment of MPs before Biodegradation
		12.7.4 Controlling External Variables to Enhance Biological Degradation
		12.7.5 Biotechnological Advancements
	12.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13 Plastic Recycling: Current Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Waste Management: An Overview
		13.2.1 Landfill
		13.2.2 Incineration
		13.2.3 Waste to Energy
	13.3 Recycling
		13.3.1 Collection
		13.3.2 Sorting
		13.3.3 Washing
		13.3.4 Shredding
		13.3.5 Identification
		13.3.6 Compounding
	13.4 Importance of Recycling
		13.4.1 Advantages
		13.4.2 Disadvantages
	13.5 Current Trends in Recycling
	13.6 Challenges and Opportunities for Improving Recycling
	13.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14 Microplastics in the Environment: Current Consensus and Future Trends
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 MP Sources
		14.2.1 Direct Sources: Agricultural Supplies Made of Plastic
		14.2.2 Indirect Sources: MPs Hidden in Agricultural Supplies
	14.3 Distribution and Transport
		14.3.1 Fate of MPs in the Hydrosphere
	14.4 Impact on Ecosystems
		14.4.1 Wildlife
		14.4.2 Ecological Consequences
	14.5 Human Health Concerns
		14.5.1 Oral Intake
		14.5.2 Inhalation
		14.5.3 Skin Contact
	14.6 Monitoring and Detection
	14.7 Future Remarks and Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15 Closing the Loop on Microplastics: Sources, Risks, Analysis, and the Path Forward
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Future Perspectives
	15.3 Conclusion
	References
Index