Microneedles

Cover\nHalf Title\nTitle\nCopyright\nDedication\nContents\nForeword\nPreface\nAuthor Biography\n1. Percutaneous Absorption\n	1.1 Structure of Skin\n	1.2 Immunology of Skin\n	1.3 Transdermal Delivery\n		1.3.1 History of Transdermal Products\n		1.3.2 Market of Transdermal Products\n		1.3.3 Pathways of Transdermal Drug Delivery\n		1.3.4 Factors Affecting Transdermal Drug Delivery\n		1.3.5 Advantages and Disadvantages\n	1.4 Enhancement Methods\n		1.4.1 Cryopneumatic and Photopneumatic Therapy\n		1.4.2 Sonophoresis\n		1.4.3 Iontophoresis\n		1.4.4 Electroporation\n		1.4.5 Needleless Jet Injection\n		1.4.6 Microneedles\n		1.4.7 Magnetophoresis\n		1.4.8 Pressure Waves\n		1.4.9 Thermal Poration\n		1.4.10 Microwave-assisted Transdermal Delivery\n	1.5 Conclusion\n	References\n2. Production of Microneedles\n	2.1 Introduction\n	2.2 Design and Technology\n		2.2.1 Solid Microneedles\n			2.2.1.1 Silicon Microneedles\n			2.2.1.2 Metal Microneedles\n		2.2.2 Hollow Microneedles\n		2.2.3 Coated Microneedles\n		2.2.4 Dissolving Microneedles\n		2.2.5 Swellable Microneedles\n	2.3 Production Materials\n		2.3.1 Silicon\n		2.3.2 Metal\n		2.3.3 Ceramic\n		2.3.4 Polymers\n	2.4 Production Methods of Microneedles\n		2.4.1 Microelectromechanical Systems\n		2.4.2 Micromolding Technique\n		2.4.3 Additive Manufacturing\n			2.4.3.1 Fused Deposition Modeling\n			2.4.3.2 Stereolithography\n			2.4.3.3 Digital Light Processing\n			2.4.3.4 Photon Polymerization\n		2.4.4 Atomized Spraying Technique\n		2.4.5 X-ray Technique\n		2.4.6 Laser Technique\n			2.4.6.1 Laser Cutting\n			2.4.6.2 Laser Ablation\n		2.4.7 Droplet-born Air Blowing\n		2.4.8 Drawing Lithography\n		2.4.9 Pulling Pipettes\n		2.4.10 Microinjection Molding\n		2.4.11 Coating Techniques\n			2.4.11.1 Immersion Coating\n			2.4.11.2 Dip-coating Method\n			2.4.11.3 Layer-by-layer Coating\n			2.4.11.4 Drop-coating Method\n			2.4.11.5 Spray Coating\n			2.4.11.6 Electrohydrodynamic Atomization\n			2.4.11.7 Gas-jet Drying\n			2.4.11.8 Piezoelectric Inkjet Printing\n	2.5 Applicators for Microneedle Insertion\n		2.5.1 Introduction of Applicators\n		2.5.2 Features of Applicators\n		2.5.3 Packaging of Microneedles\n	References\n3. Characterization of Microneedles\n	3.1 Introduction\n	3.2 Microneedle Formulations\n	3.3 Microneedle Geometry and Morphology\n		3.3.1 Pre-insertion Assessment of Microneedle Geometry\n		3.3.2 Post-insertion Assessment of Microneedle Geometry\n	3.4 Mechanical Properties of Microneedles\n		3.4.1 Introduction of Mechanical Properties\n		3.4.2 Factors Affecting the Mechanical Strength of Microneedles\n		3.4.3 Case Studies of Mechanical Strength of Microneedles\n			3.4.3.1 Axial Force Mechanical Tests\n			3.4.3.2 Transverse Failure Force Testing\n			3.4.3.3 Base Strength\n		3.4.4 Skin Puncture Force\n	3.5 Dissolution and Drug Release\n		3.5.1 Introduction of Microneedle Dissolution and Drug Release\n		3.5.2 Factors Affecting Microneedle Dissolution and Drug Release\n		3.5.3 Tests of Microneedle Dissolution and Drug Release\n		3.5.4 Case Studies\n	3.6 Drug Loading and Distribution in Microneedles\n	3.7 Skin Penetration/Insertion Efficiency\n		3.7.1 Introduction of Microneedle Penetration\n		3.7.2 Factors Affecting Microneedle Penetration\n		3.7.3 Test Methods\n		3.7.4 Effect of Applicators\n		3.7.5 Case Studies for Microneedle Penetration\n	3.8 Safety Test\n		3.8.1 Biological Safety\n		3.8.2 Skin Irritation and Recovery Studies\n	3.9 Physicochemical Stability\n		3.9.1 Hygroscopicity\n		3.9.2 Swelling Behavior\n		3.9.3 Stability\n		3.9.4 Water Content\n		3.9.5 Solid State of Microneedles\n	3.10 Conclusions\n	References\n4. Characterization of Microchannels\n	4.1 Introduction\n	4.2 Characterization of Microchannels\n		4.2.1 Morphology\n		4.2.2 Skin Resistance Measurement\n		4.2.3 Transepidermal Water Loss Measurement\n		4.2.4 Histological Analysis\n		4.2.5 Dye Binding Studies\n		4.2.6 Microchannel Depth\n		4.2.7 Pore Uniformity\n		4.2.8 Micropore Closure Kinetics\n	4.3 Future Perspectives\n	4.4 Conclusion\n	References\n5. Microneedle-mediated Transdermal Drug Delivery\n	5.1 Introduction\n	5.2 Factors Affecting Microneedle-mediated Drug Delivery\n		5.2.1 Limited Drug Loading\n		5.2.2 Drug Solubility\n		5.2.3 Sustained Drug Delivery\n		5.2.4 Microneedle Production Technology\n		5.2.5 Regulations\n		5.2.6 Advances in Digital Technology\n		5.2.7 Solid Microneedles\n		5.2.8 Hollow Microneedles\n		5.2.9 Coated Microneedles\n		5.2.10 Dissolving Microneedles\n		5.2.11 Swelling Microneedles\n	5.3 Patents on Microneedles\n	5.4 Conclusions\n	References\n6. Microneedle-mediated Delivery of Small Molecules\n	6.1 Introduction\n		6.1.1 Advantages of Microneedles\n		6.1.2 Disadvantages of Microneedles\n	6.2 Drug Properties for Microneedle Use\n	6.3 Microneedle Design for Delivery of Small Molecules\n		6.3.1 Solid Microneedles\n		6.3.2 Coated Microneedles\n		6.3.3 Hollow Microneedles\n		6.3.4 Dissolving Microneedles\n		6.3.5 Swelling Microneedles\n	6.4 Case Studies\n	6.5 Conclusions\n	References\n7. Microneedle-mediated Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals\n	7.1 Introduction\n		7.1.1 Introduction of Biopharmaceuticals\n		7.1.2 Current Status of Biopharmaceuticals\n		7.1.3 Conventional Parenteral Administration\n		7.1.4 Transdermal Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals\n		7.1.5 Microneedles for Biopharmaceuticals Delivery\n	7.2 Physicochemical Stability of Biopharmaceuticals in Microneedles\n	7.3 Case Studies\n		7.3.1 Solid Microneedles\n		7.3.2 Coated Microneedles\n		7.3.3 Hollow Microneedles\n		7.3.4 Dissolving Microneedles\n		7.3.5 Swelling Microneedles\n	7.4 Conclusion\n	References\n8. Microneedle-mediated Delivery of Vaccines\n	8.1 Introduction\n		8.1.1 Introduction of Vaccination\n		8.1.2 Route of Vaccine Delivery\n	8.2 Roles of Skin in Vaccination\n	8.3 Skin Vaccination Strategies\n		8.3.1 Conventional Intradermal Vaccination\n		8.3.2 Noninvasive Skin Vaccination\n	8.4 Microneedle-mediated Vaccination Strategies\n		8.4.1 Introduction of Different Microneedle Types for Vaccination\n			8.4.1.1 Solid Microneedles\n			8.4.1.2 Hollow Microneedles\n			8.4.1.3 Coated Microneedles\n			8.4.1.4 Dissolving Microneedles\n		8.4.2 Advantages of Microneedles-based Vaccination\n		8.4.3 Barrier to Microneedles-based Vaccination\n	8.5 Studies of Microneedle-mediated Vaccination\n		8.5.1 Clinical Studies of Microneedle-mediated Vaccination\n		8.5.2 Safety, Efficacy, and Stability of Microneedles\n		8.5.3 Acceptability of Microneedles\n		8.5.4 Cost-effectiveness of Microneedles\n		8.5.5 Clinical Studies of Microneedles-based Vaccination\n	8.6 Future of Microneedle-mediated Vaccination\n		8.6.1 Commercialization of Microneedles-based Vaccines\n		8.6.2 Manufacturing Issues\n		8.6.3 Regulatory Issues\n	8.7 Future Perspectives of Microneedles-based Vaccines\n	8.8 Conclusions\n	References\n9. Microneedles for Cosmetic Applications\n	9.1 Introduction\n		9.1.1 Microneedles for Cosmetics\n			9.1.1.1 History of Microneedle Use in Cosmetics\n			9.1.1.2 Introduction of Microneedles\n	9.2 Types of Microneedles in Cosmetics\n	9.3 Applications of Microneedles in Skin Care\n	9.4 Case Studies\n	9.5 Conclusion\n	References\n10. Laboratory Techniques for Microneedle Research\n	10.1 Introduction\n	10.2 Selection of Skin or Membranes\n		10.2.1 Introduction of Skin Models\n		10.2.2 Case Studies of Skin Models\n	10.3 Computational Modeling of Microneedles\n		10.3.1 Introduction of Computational Modeling\n		10.3.2 Case Studies of Computational Modeling\n	10.4 Microneedles-assisted Drug Permeation\n	10.5 Conclusions\n	References\n11. Combination of Microneedles with Other Enhancement Techniques\n	11.1 Introduction\n	11.2 Combination of Microneedles with Physical Enhancement Technologies\n		11.2.1 Microneedles and Iontophoresis\n		11.2.2 Microneedles and Sonophoresis\n		11.2.3 Microneedles and Near-infrared Light\n		11.2.4 Microneedles and Electroporation\n		11.2.5 Microneedles and Gene Guns\n		11.2.6 Microneedles and Vesicles\n		11.2.7 Microneedles and Actuation\n		11.2.8 Microneedles and Micropumps\n	11.3 Conclusions\n	References\n12. Microneedles in Diagnostic\n	12.1 Microneedles for Interstitial Skin Fluid Sampling\n	12.2 Conventional Therapeutic Monitoring\n	12.3 Microneedle Sensors\n		12.3.1 Advantages of Microneedles-based Sensors\n		12.3.2 Concerns of Microneedles-based Sensors\n	12.4 Microneedle Designs\n		12.4.1 Hollow Microneedles\n		12.4.2 Solid Microneedles\n		12.4.3 Swelling Microneedles\n		12.4.4 Porous Microneedles\n	12.5 Combination of Sensors and Drug Delivery in Microneedles\n	12.6 Conclusions\n	12.7 Future of Microneedle for Diagnosis\n	References\n13. Other Applications of Microneedles\n	13.1 Introduction\n	13.2 Oral Route of Administration\n		13.2.1 Introduction of Microneedles for Oral Drug Delivery\n		13.2.2 Case Studies of Microneedles for Oral Drug Delivery\n		13.2.3 Conclusion of Microneedles in Oral Delivery\n	13.3 Ocular Route of Administration\n		13.3.1 Introduction of Ocular Drug Delivery\n		13.3.2 Microneedles Applications in Ocular Drug Delivery\n		13.3.3 Case Studies of Microneedles for Ocular Drug Delivery\n		13.3.4 Conclusion of Microneedles for Ocular Drug Delivery\n	13.4 Other Applications of Microneedles\n		13.4.1 Vaginal Drug Delivery\n		13.4.2 Transungual Drug Delivery\n		13.4.3 Drug Delivery to the Anal Sphincter Muscles\n		13.4.4 Drug Delivery to Blood Vessels\n		13.4.5 Injection in Living Cells\n		13.4.6 Microneedles in Animal Identification\n	13.5 Conclusions\n	References\n14. Development Issues and Commercialization of Microneedles\n	14.1 Introduction of Microneedle Commercialization\n	14.2 Economic Evaluation of Microneedles\n		14.2.1 Introduction of Economic Aspects of Microneedles\n		14.2.2 Factors Affecting the Cost of Microneedles\n		14.2.3 Reduced Cost of Vaccination\n	14.3 Safety and Acceptability of Microneedles\n		14.3.1 Safety of Microneedles\n			14.3.1.1 Mechanical Safety\n			14.3.1.2 Toxicity\n			14.3.1.3 Anxiety\n			14.3.1.4 Infection\n			14.3.1.5 Skin Irritation\n			14.3.1.6 Pain\n		14.3.2 Acceptability\n			14.3.2.1 Introduction of Microneedles Acceptability\n			14.3.2.2 Driver of Microneedles Acceptability\n			14.3.2.3 Barriers to Microneedles Acceptability\n			14.3.2.4 Case Studies of Microneedles Acceptability\n	14.4 Manufacturing and Regulatory Issues\n		14.4.1 Manufacturing Issues\n			14.4.1.1 Specific Manufacturing Issues\n			14.4.1.2 Microneedles Sterilization\n			14.4.1.3 Manufacturing Costs and Market Incentives\n			14.4.1.4 Manufacturing Issues with Microneedle Types\n			14.4.1.5 Supply Chain, Storage, and Disposal Issues\n		14.4.2 Regulatory Issues of Microneedles\n			14.4.2.1 Introduction of Microneedles Regulatory Issues\n			14.4.2.2 Category of Microneedles\n			14.4.2.3 Quality System for Microneedles\n				14.4.2.3.1 Introduction of Quality System\n				14.4.2.3.2 Considerations of Quality System\n	14.5 Microneedles in Clinical Trials\n		14.5.1 Overview of Microneedles Applications in Clinical Trials\n		14.5.2 Microneedle Applications in Clinical Trials\n			14.5.2.1 Cosmetic Applications\n			14.5.2.2 Prevention, Monitoring, and Diagnosis\n			14.5.2.3 Vaccination\n			14.5.2.4 Delivery of Macromolecules\n			14.5.2.5 Delivery of Small Molecules\n	14.6 Microneedles Products on the Market\n		14.6.1 Factors Driving Microneedles into the Market\n		14.6.2 Microneedles Products on the Market\n	14.7 Future of Microneedles\n		14.7.1 Promising Future of Microneedles\n		14.7.2 Areas of Improvement\n	References\nIndex