Microlenses : properties, fabrication and liquid lenses

 Content: Introduction to Liquid Microlenses History of Microlenses Categories of Microlenses Physics of Microlenses Microlens Arrays Ubiquitous Problems in Optics Applications of Liquid Microlenses  Basic Physics of Liquid Microlenses Light Optical Lenses Surface Tension  Fabrication Methods Introduction to Microfabrication Methods Facilities and Equipment Substrate Materials Materials Basic Fabrication Steps Other Microfabrication Techniques Examples of Microfabrication Processes  Solid Microlenses Introduction Germanium and Silicon Oxide Nanolenses Quartz Glass Microlenses Etched by Reactive Ion Etching Self-Assembled Supermolecular Nanoscale Spherical Microlenses Microlens Arrays Fabricated from Self-Assembled Organic Polymers Self Assembly of Microlens Arrays Using Global Dielectrophoretic Energy Wells Microlens Arrays Fabricated from All-Liquid Techniques Microlenses Produced by Direct Photo-Induced Cross Linking Polymerization Microlenses Formed by Thermally Reflowing Photoresists Microlens Arrays Fabricated with Polymer Jet Printing Technology Microlens Arrays Fabricated through Molding Microlens Arrays Fabricated by Hot Intrusion  Electrically Driven Tunable Microlenses Introduction Liquid Crystal Microlenses Liquid Microlenses Encapsulated with Polymer Thin Film Driven by Electrostatic Forces Tunable Focus Liquid Microlenses Using Dielectrophoretic Effect Tunable Focus Liquid Microlenses Using Electrowetting Electrochemically Activated Adaptive Liquid Microlenses  Mechanically Driven Tunable Microlenses Introduction Thin Glass Membranes Polymer Membranes Colloidal Hydrogel Dynamically Tunable Microlenses Liquid Microlenses Tuned by Environmental Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels Oscillating Microlens Arrays Driven by Sound Waves  Horizontal Microlenses Integrated in Microfluidics Introduction Two-Dimensional (2D) Microlenses Optofluidic Microlenses Tunable Liquid Gradient Refractive Index Lens  Looking into the Future Commercialization of Microlenses Future Work  Index  References appear at the end of each chapter.
 Abstract:             \'\'Microlenses and microlens arrays are a vital part of modern optical systems with applications in MEMS and sensor systems. This book explores the physics and optical properties of a range of microlenses, along with their fabrication, tuning, and applications in various fields. Although focusing on liquid lenses, the text covers all lens systems. The authors discuss such topics as microfabrication and nanofabrication, liquid interfaces, surface tension, variable focus, and lab on chips. They also provide a discussion of the challenges posed by current microlenses\'\'