Microgrid: Advanced Control Methods and Renewable Energy System Integration

fm
	Title Page
copyright
	Copyright
contributor
	Contributors
about editor
	About the Editor
preface
	Preface
ack
	Acknowledgments
ch1
	Microgrid Control Problems and Related Issues
		Introduction
		Microgrid Review
		Microgrid Components
			Microsources
			Microturbines
			Fuel Cells
			Storage Devices
			DER Interfaces
		Microgrid Controls
			Grid-Connected Operation
			Islanded Operation
			Inverter Controller
			Microgrid Classification
			Control Functions
			Control Operations of Microgrids
			Electronically Coupled Microgrids
			Basic Control Techniques
			Centralized Control
		A Microgrid as a System of Systems
			SoS Structure
			SoS Framework
			Control Hierarchy
			Grid Synchronization in Distributed Generation Units
			Overall Microgrid Modeling for Control Implementation
		Control Methods for a Microgrid System of Systems
			Hierarchical Control
			Consensus Control
			Decentralized Control
			Networked Control
		Future Directions
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
ch2
	Distributed Control Techniques in Microgrids
		Introduction
		Definitions of the Smart Grid and a Microgrid
		Overview of the Control Structure
			Control Requirements
			Control Hierarchy
				Primary Control
				Secondary Control
				Tertiary Control
			Distributed Control Within Control Hierarchy
		Overview of Distributed Techniques
			Droop-Based Techniques
			Distributed Model Predictive Control-Based Techniques
			Consensus-Based Techniques
			Agent-Based Techniques
			Decomposition-Based Techniques
		Applications in Power Systems
			Application in Primary Control
			Application in Voltage Coordination
			Application in Economic Power Coordination
			Application in Frequency Coordination
		Conclusions and Future Trends
			Challenges Ahead
			High-Voltage DC
			Nonmodel-Based Control
			Model Predictive Control
		References
ch3
	Hierarchical Power Sharing Control in DC Microgrids
		Introduction
			Advantages of DC Microgrids
			Applications of DC Microgrids
		Power Management Issues
			Classification of Energy Units in DC Microgrids
			Hierarchical Power Sharing in DC Microgrids
			Hierarchical Power Sharing in Conventional Power Systems
		Primary Control: Level I
			Droop Control
			Cost-Based Droop Control
		Secondary Control: Level II
			Centralized Controller
			Decentralized Controller
		Tertiary Control: Level III
			Power Flow Control Between the Microgridand the Utility Grid
			Power Flow Control Among a Cluster of Microgrids
			Power Flow Control Among Distributed Generatorsin a DC Microgrid
		Autonomous Operation of DC Microgrids
			Autonomous Droop Approach
			Control of the Converters in Autonomous DC Microgrids
		Conclusion and Future Work
		References
ch4
	Master/Slave Power-Based Control of Low-Voltage Microgrids
		Introduction
		Master-Slave Architecture
			Control Principle
			Control Strategy
				Grid-Connected Operation
				Islanded Operation
		Power-Based Control
		Data Collection and Preprocessing
			Data Collection
			Preprocessing
		Set Point Computation
			Active Power Control
			Reactive Power Control
			Grid-Connected Mode: Active and Reactive Power Control
		Remarks on Voltage Control
		Control Analysis
			Power-Based Principle Analysis
			System Analysis
			Stability Analysis
		Application Example
			Active Power Profiles
			Power Flow at the PCC
			Distribution Losses
			Voltage Deviations at Grid Nodes
			Performance Indexes
		Summary
		References
ch5
	Online Adaptive Learning Control Schemes for Microgrids
		Introduction
		Autonomous Microgrid System
			State-Space Model of the Autonomous Microgrid
		Reinforcement Learning Techniques
			Heuristic Dynamic Programming
			Discrete-Time Bellman Equation
			Value Iteration Algorithm
			Actor-Critic Neural Networks
		Online Actor-Critic Neural Network Implementation
			Performance Evaluation of the Proposed Controller
		Photovoltaic Solar Cells
		Cooperative Control for Dynamic Games Over Graphs
			Graphs
			Formulation of the Cooperative Control Problem
			Formulation of Dynamic Graphical Games
				Evaluation of the Dynamic Graphical Game
				Discrete-Time Coupled Hamiltonian Functions
				Discrete-Time Bellman Equations
				Coupled HJB Optimality Equations
				Nash Solution for the Dynamic Graphical Game
		Online Adaptive Learning Solution
		Critic Neural Network Implementation for Online Adaptive Learning [alg5.3]Algorithm 5.3
		Online Critic-Network Tuning in Real Time
		Simulation Results
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
ch6
	An Optimization Approach to Design Robust Controller for Voltage Source Inverters
		Introduction
		System Modeling
			Preliminaries
			Derivation of the Mathematical Model of the System
		The Proposed Control Design Method
			Controller for Robust Stabilization
				Robust Stabilization
			Integral Control for Set Point Tracking
			Controller Optimization
			Controller Implementation
		Results and Analysis
			Controller Design
			Robustness Test
			Disturbance Test
			Tracking Performance Test
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
ch7
	Demand Side Management in Microgrid Control Systems
		Introduction
		Demand-Side Management
			Definition
			History
			Advantages
		Related Historical Event: The California Electricity Crisis
			Description of Events
			Analysis of the Reasons
			Remarks
		Demand Response
			Definition
			Services Category
				Peak Clipping
				Valley Filling
				Load Shifting
				Strategic Conservation
				Strategic Load Growth
			Customers Category
				Residential Sector
				Industrial Sector
				Commercial Sector
				Summary
			Loads Category
				Deferrable Loads and Nondeferrable Loads
				Adjustable Loads and Nonadjustable Loads
			Approaches Category
				Incentive-Based Demand Response
				Time-Based Demand Response
		Demand-Side Management Methods
			Multiobjective Optimization Method
			Linear Matrix Inequality Approach
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
ch8
	Towards a Concept of Cooperating Power Network for Energy Management and Control of Microgrids
		Introduction
		Toward the Concept of a Network of Smart Microgrids
		The Network Model and Architecture
			Microgrid Architecture
			Wind Power Generation Modeling
			Solar Photovoltaic Generator Modeling
			Energy Storage System Dynamics
			Loads
			Energy Management Unit
			Demand-Side Management and Demand Response
			Price-Based Demand Response Programs
			Control Strategies for MGs
			Hierarchical Control of MGs
		Power Control Strategy for the Network of MGs
			Problem Formulation
			Necessary Conditions for Global Optimality
			State Variable Constraints
			The Optimal Control Strategy of the Network of MGs
			Example
		LQG-Based Optimal Control of Power Flows in a Smart Network of MGs
			Problem Formulation
			LQG Optimal Control Strategy
			Example
		Model Predictive Control-Based Power Scheduling in a Network of MGs
			Model Predictive Control-Based Power Scheduling
			Optimization Problem Formulation
			Example
		Conclusions
		References
ch9
	Power Electronics for Microgrids: Concepts and Future Trends
		State of the Art in DC Microgrid Technology
		DC MG Applications
			Battery-Based DC Architectures
			Flexible DC MG Architecture
		DC MG Control
			Hierarchical Layers
			Distributed Control Principles
		Converters in DC MGs
		Protection Systems for DC MGs
			Protection Devices
			Design of Protection Systems
			Conclusions and Future Trends
		References
ch10
	Power Electronic Converters in Microgrid Applications
		Introduction
		Power Semiconductor Switches
		Classification of Power Converters
		Conventional Two-Level Converter
			Pulse Width Modulation
			Carrier-Based Pulse Width Modulation
			Zero Sequence Injection
			Space Vector Modulation
			Modeling
		Three-Level Neutral Point-Clamped Inverters
		Different Modes of Operation of Power Converters
		Power Converter Topologies for Renewable and Distributed Energy Systems
			PV Systems
			Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS)
			Storage System Converters
		Conclusion
		References
ch11
	Power Talk: Communication in a DC Microgrid
		Introduction
		Control in DC Microgrids
			Primary Control
			Upper Control Layers: Secondary and Tertiary Control
			Communications for Microgrid Control
		Power Talk for DC Microgrids: The Foundations
			Model of a Low-Voltage DC Microgrid
			The General Power Talk Multiple-Access Channel
		Communication With Detection Spaces
			Time Division Multiple Access for Single-Bus and Multibus Systems
			Full Duplex for Single-Bus Systems
				Full-Duplex Systems
			The Main Communication Impairment: Dealing With Load Variations
		Constraints: Signaling Space
		Conclusion
		References
ch12
	Pilot-Scale Implementation of Coordinated Control for Autonomous Microgrids
		Electronically Coupled Distributed Generation Units
			System Layout
			Mathematical Model
		Laboratory-Scale Experiment I
			Voltage Tracking Properties of Distributed Generation Unit 1
			Voltage Tracking Properties of Distributed Generation Unit 2
			Effect of Load Perturbations
				The First Case
				The Second Case
				The Third Case
		Laboratory-Scale Experiment II
			Microgrid Setup
			Implementation
		Laboratory-Scale Experiment III
			Microgrid-Battery Energy Storage System Architecture
			Microgrid-Battery Energy Storage System Operation: First Scheme
			Microgrid-Battery Energy Storage System Operation: Second Scheme
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
Index
	Index
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