Microextraction Techniques. Fundamentals, Applications and Recent Developments

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Integrated Analytical Systems Series
Microextraction Techniques: Fundamentals, Applications and Recent Developments
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Preface
Contents
Introduction
	Introduction
		1. Introduction
		2. Conclusions
		References
Sorbent-Based Microextractions
	Micro-solid-phase extraction
		1. Introduction
		2. Fundamental Characteristics
		3. Novel Developments, and Applications
			3.1 Two-Dimensional Materials
			3.2 Silica-Based Materials
			3.3 Layered Double Hydroxides
			3.4 Metal–Organic Frameworks
			3.5 Covalent-Organic Frameworks
			3.6 Chitosan- and Cellulose-Based Materials
		4 Conclusions and Future Trends
		References
	Dispersive-Micro-Solid Phase Extraction
		1. Introduction
		2. Fundamentals
			2.1 Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction
			2.2 Dispersive Micro Solid Phase Extraction
		3. Sorbents in Dispersive Micro-solid Phase Extraction
			3.1 Micromaterials
			3.2 Nanostructured Sorbents
		4. Dispersion Techniques in Dispersive Micro-Solid Phase Extraction
			4.1 External Energy Source in the Dispersion Step
			4.2 Chemical Dispersion
		5. Trends in Dispersive Micro-Solid Phase Extraction
		6. Conclusions and Future Trends
		References
	Solid-Phase Microextraction
		1. Introduction
		2. Fundamentals
		3. Novel Developments
		4. Main Applications
			4.1 Environmental Applications
			4.2 Food Applications
			4.3 Biological Applications
			4.4 In vivo Applications
		5. Conclusions and Future Trends
		References
	Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction
		1. Introduction
		2. Fundamentals
		3. Main Limitations and Solutions
			3.1 Derivatization
			3.2 Novel Workflows in SBSE
			3.3 Alternative Coatings for SBSE
		4. Novel Developments
			4.1 Magnetically Stirred Units
			4.2 Mechanically Stirred Devices
		5. Future Remarks
		References
	Matrix Solid-Phase Disperion
		1. Introduction
		2. Fundamentals
			2.1 General Information About MSPD
		3. Novel Developments
			3.1 New Sorption Materials
			3.2 Assisted MSPD Extraction
			3.3 Coupling MSPD with Other Isolation Techniques
		4. Main Application
			4.1 Analysis of Secondary Plant Metabolites
			4.2 Analysis of Hazardous Substances
		5. Conclusions and Future Trends
		References
Solvent-Based Microextractions
	Single-Drop Microextraction
		1. Introduction
		2. Fundamentals
			2.1 SDME Approaches
			2.2 Theoretical Aspects of SDME
		3. Novel Developments
			3.1 Evolution of SDME Modes: Main Achievements
			3.2 Extractant Phases in SDME
			3.3 SDME Combined with Different Analytical Techniques
		4. Performance Overview and Recent Applications
		5. Conclusions and Future Trends
		References
	Hollow-Fibre Liquid-Phase Microextraction
		1. Introduction
		2. Fundamentals
		3. Novel Developments
			3.1 External Force-Assisted HF-LPME and EME
			3.2 Novel Membrane Materials
			3.3 Novel Green Solvents
			3.4 Novel Sorbents
			3.5 Automation and High Throughput
		4. Main Application
		5. Conclusions and Future Trends
		References
	Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction
		1. Introduction
		2. Fundamentals
			2.1 Requirements of Organic Solvents Used in DLLME
			2.2 Experimental Variables in DLLME
			2.3 Modes of DLLME
		3. New Developments in DLLME
			3.1 New Extractants in DLLME
			3.2 Phase Separation by SFOD
			3.3 Automation of DLLME
		4. Application of DLLME
		5. Conclusions and Future Trends
		References
	Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction
		1. Introduction
		2. Fundamentals
		3. Novel Developments
			3.1 New Solvents for HLLME
			3.2 New Techniques of Phase Separation
			3.3 Automation of HLLME
		4. New Phase Separation Agents in HLLME
			4.1 Salting-Out Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Micro Extraction (SALLME)
			4.2 Sugaring-Out Homogeneous Liquid–liquid Microextraction (SULLME)
			4.3 Hydrophobic Substance Induced Homogenous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction
			4.4 pH Induced Homogeneous Liquid–liquid Microextraction
		5. Conclusions and Future Trends
		References