Microelectronic Devices, Circuits and Systems: Second International Conference, ICMDCS 2021, Vellore, India, February 11-13, 2021, Revised Selected Papers

Preface
Organization
Contents
Digital Design for Signal, Image and Video Processing
Feature Extraction Techniques for the Classification of Four-Class Motor Imagery Based EEG Data: A Comparison
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Data Acquisition and Datasets
		2.2 Classification Framework
	3 Performance Evaluation Metrics
	4 Results and Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Performance Analysis of 32-Bit DADDA Multiplier Using 15–4 Compressor
	1 Introduction
	2 Design of 4–2 Approximate Compressor
	3 Design of Approximate 5–3 Compressor
	4 Design of 15–4 Approximate Compressor
	5 Design of 16 × 16 Multiplier
	6 Design of 32 × 32 Multiplier Using 16 × 16 Multiplier
	7 Simulation Results and Discussion
		7.1 5–3 Compressor
		7.2 15–4 Compressor
		7.3 16 × 16 Multiplier
		7.4 32 × 32 Multiplier
	8 Conclusion
	References
Rooftop Detection Using Satellite Images for Urban Terrace Farming
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Need for Urban Farming
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Rooftop Free Space Detection
	4 Experiment and Research
	5 Proposal for Multilayer Farming in Rooftop
	6 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
High-Frequency Noise Removal on Corrupted ECG Signal Using Exponential Averagers
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 High-Frequencey Noise Removal Using an Exponential Averager
		2.2 Conventional Exponential Averager Designs
		2.3 Proposed Exponential Averager Designs
	3 Simulation Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Baseline Wandering Noise Removal Using High-Speed IIR Filters with an FPGA Implementation
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Conventional Approaches
		2.2 The Proposed Techniques
	3 Simulation Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
VLSI Testing and Verification
Design for Trust Using Transition Probability
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Design for Trust Techniques
	4 Insertion of Gates Using Transition Probability Algorithm
	5 Verilog Code and Net List
	6 Pseudo Code
	7 Results and Analysis
	8 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
A Comparative Analysis of Open Loop and PI Controlled Buck Converter
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Operations of Buck Converter
	3 Results
		3.1 Simulated Results
		3.2 Hardware Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Low Power Hardware Design for N-Bit Fixed Point Division Algorithm Using GDI Logic
	1 Introduction
	2 Restoring Algorithm
	3 Proposed Block Level Architecture
	4 Low Power Implementation of Proposed Hardware Architecture
	5 Simulation Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Emerging Technologies and IoT
Automatic Toll Gates Using AI
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Algorithm
		3.1 Vehicle Type Recognition
		3.2 Number Plate Recognition
		3.3 Server and System Interface
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Vehicle Type Detection
		4.2 Number Plate Detection
		4.3 Toll Application
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
A Prototypical Semantic Based Driver Deeds Prophecy to Prevent Accidents Using Intelligent Techniques
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Problem Specification
	2 Proposed Work
		2.1 System Architecture
		2.2 System Configuration
	3 Survey on Road Accidents
		3.1 Activities During Driving
		3.2 Human Factors with Accident Occurrence
		3.3 Detection of Drowsiness
		3.4 Working Principle
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Driver Pattern Recognition System
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Hands-on-Wheel (HoW) Detection
		2.2 Steer-by-Wire (SbW)
		2.3 Pattern Recognition
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Hardware
		3.2 Software
	4 Conclusion
	References
Fingerprint Integrated E-Health Monitoring System Using IoT
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Proposed Methodology
	4 Working of the Proposed Model
		4.1 Security Alert System
		4.2 Health Monitoring System
		4.3 Emergency Alert System
	5 Implementation
	6 Conclusion
		6.1 Future Work
	References
Intelligent Control of Aerator and Water Pump in Aquaculture Using Fuzzy Logic
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Categorizations of Input and Output Parameters
	3 Simulation and Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Review on Cybersecurity of Internet of Things
	1 Introduction
	2 Cyber Security in Smart Homes and Everyday IOT Devices
		2.1 Cybersecurity in Wearable Devices
		2.2 Cybersecurity in Smart Homes
		2.3 Threats
		2.4 Vulnerabilities
	3 Cybersecurity in Industry 4.0
		3.1 Need for Cybersecurity
		3.2 IOT Architecture and the Security Threats
		3.3 Use Case Scenario
	4 Health Care and IOT
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Ways in Which Healthcare is Hit and Methods to Prevent It
	5 Smart Grid
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Study on Security
		5.3 Methods to Prevent Attacks
	6 Cybersecurity in Smart City
		6.1 Cyber Threats
		6.2 Smart Meters
		6.3 Smart Transportation and Traffic
		6.4 Smart Water Management
		6.5 Key Mitigations to Follow
	7 Connected and Autonomous Vehicle
		7.1 Study of a CAV
		7.2 Multiple Sensors in a CAV
		7.3 Keys to Prevent Spoofing of Sensors
		7.4 External CAV Communication Infrastructure
		7.5 V2X Attacks and Security
	8 Future Prospects and Conclusion
	References
ANFIS Based Smart Wound Monitoring System
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Smart Wound Monitoring Implementation Through ANFIS
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Nano-scale Modelling and Process Technology Device
Design and Optimization of a 50 nm Dual Material Dual Gate (DMDG), High-к Spacer, FiNFET Having Variable Gate Metal Workfunction
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Device Structure
	2 Result and Discussion
	3 Conclusions
	References
Tunnel FET Based SRAM Cells – A Comparative Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Basic Structure of TFET
	3 SRAM Cells Based on Recent TFET Structures
		3.1 Double Pocket Double Gate Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (DP-DGTFET) Based 7T SRAM Cell
		3.2 Vertical Double-Gate GaSb-InAs Source-Underlapped Heterojunction TFET Based 6T SRAM Cell
		3.3 InAs Double-Gate Homojunction TFET Based 9T SRAM Cell
		3.4 AlGaSb/InAs NanoWire Heterojunction TFETs Based 6T SRAM Cell
	4 Comparative Summary of TFET Based SRAM Cells
	5 Conclusion
	References
Analog and Mixed Signal Design
Performance Analysis of LNA for IoT Application Using Noise Cancellation Technique
	1 Introduction
	2 Design Analysis
	3 Design of Proposed LNA
	4 Conclusion
	References
Design of Low Voltage LDO Voltage Regulator for Battery Operated Wireless Sensor Nodes
	1 Introduction
	2 Basics of Subthreshold Operation
	3 Parameters of Voltage Regulator
	4 Error Amplifier Architecture
	5 BGR Architecture
	6 Voltage Regulator System Implementation
	7 Simulation Results and Comparison Table
	8 Conclusion
	References
A Source Degenerated Cascode LNA with High Gain and Low Noise Figure Using Layout Optimized High Q Inductors
	1 Introduction
	2 Performance Parameters
	3 Common LNA Topologies
	4 LNA Design
	5 Simulations Study
		5.1 Impact of Inductors’ Q on Noise Figure and Gain
		5.2 LNA with High-Q Layout Optimized Inductors
	6 Conclusion
	References
Comparative Study of Latch Type and Differential Type Sense Amplifier Circuits Using Power Reduction Techniques
	1 Introduction
	2 Power Reduction Techniques
		2.1 Sleep Transistor Technique
		2.2 Sleepy-Keeper Technique
		2.3 Forced-Stack Technique
	3 Sense Amplifiers
		3.1 Differential Type Sense Amplifier
		3.2 Latch Type Sense Amplifier
	4 Comparison Table
	5 Conclusions
	References
Design and Implementation of ASIC for Time Recorder in TSMC 180 nm CMOS Technology
	1 Introduction
	2 Architecture of Time Recorder
	3 Back End Implementation of Time Recorder
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Design of Low Power Resistorless Sub-threshold CMOS Bandgap Voltage Reference
	1 Introduction
	2 MOSFET Operations in Different Regions
	3 Proposed CMOS Voltage Reference
		3.1 Schematic
		3.2 Layout
	4 Results and Analysis
		4.1 Temperature Variations from –20° to 120 °C
		4.2 Impact of Process Variations
		4.3 Transient Analysis
		4.4 Comparison Between Proposed Architecture with Other Architectures
	5 Conclusion
	References
Comparative Performance Analysis of P-I-N Detector with Different Amplifiers and Pulse Generators for Quality Improvement of Distorted Signal
	1 Introduction
	2 Relevant Theory and Mathematical Calculation
		2.1 P-I-N Photodetector
		2.2 SOA
		2.3 EDFA
		2.4 Optical Amplifier
		2.5 Noise Figure (NF)
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Design and Implementation of Bi-directional IO for Elapsed Time Counter Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Design Specifications
	3 Proposed Design of Bidirectional IO
		3.1 Transmitter Design
		3.2 Receiver Design
		3.3 Level Down Shifter
		3.4 Mathematical Expressions
		3.5 Mathematical Expressions
	4 Performance Analysis and Simulation
		4.1 Transmitter Result Analysis and Simulation
		4.2 Receiver Result Analysis and Simulation
		4.3 Floor Plan for Layout
	5 Conclusion and Future Scope
		5.1 Conclusion
		5.2 Future Scope
	References
Communication Technologies and Circuits
FPGA Based High Speed 8-Tap FIR Filter
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Techniques for Optimization of Memory
		3.1 APC for the Optimization of Look up Table
		3.2 OMS for Optimization of Look up Table
	4 Implementation of the Look up Table Multiplier
		4.1 Design on Look up Table Multiplier Using APC-OMS Based Technique
	5 Simulation Results
	6 Conclusion
	7 Future Scope
	References
Design of Reconfigurable Multiply-Accumulate Unit with Computational Optimization
	1 Introduction
	2 Reconfigurable MAC
		2.1 Working of the Reconfigurable MAC Unit
		2.2 Sign Identification Unit
		2.3 Multiplication Unit
		2.4 Addition Unit
		2.5 Accumulation Unit
		2.6 Reconfiguration Control Unit
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Development of an Automated System for Tomato Harvesting and Pest Detection
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Proposed Work
		3.1 Flowchart of the Proposed Method
		3.2 Pest Detection Parameters
	4 Analysis and Implementation
	5 Conclusion
	References
LUT and LUT-Less Multiplier Architecture for Low Power Adaptive Filter
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of Adaptive Filters
	3 Transpose Form LMS Adaptive Filter
	4 Proposed Architectures
		4.1 LUT Multiplier
		4.2 LUT-Less Multiplier
	5 Implementation
	6 Results
		6.1 Performance Comparison - Power
		6.2 Performance Comparison - Timing
		6.3 Performance Comparison – Area
	7 Future Scope
	8 Conclusion
	References
Technology and Modelling for Micro Electronic Devices
FPGA Based Efficient IEEE 754 Floating Point Multiplier for Filter Operations
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Floating Point Arithmetic
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Proposed Method
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Design Framework of 4-Bit Radix-4 Booth Multiplier Using Perpendicular Nanomagnetic Logic in MagCAD
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Modified Booth Multiplier
		3.1 Booth Encoder
		3.2 Booth Decoder
		3.3 Full Adder
	4 Implementation of Modified Booth Multiplier in MagCAD Using AOIG
	5 Mig Optimization
	6 Simulation Results
	7 Conclusion
	References
Transmission Gate Based PFD Free of Glitches for Fast Locking PLL with Reduced Reference Spur
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Traditional Phase Frequency Detector
	2 Proposed Transmission Gate Based PFD (TG-PFD) Design
		2.1 Analysis of Proposed TG-PFD
		2.2 PLL Leakage Current
	3 Performance Analysis of PLL Implemented using TG-PFD
		3.1 Loop Gain Lo(s)
		3.2 Closed Loop TF
		3.3 Output Spectrum of PLL Using TG-PFD
	4 Conclusion
	References
Electronics for Green Technology
A Highly Sensitive Gold-TiO2 Coated Dual-Core PCF-SPR Sensor with a Large Detection Range
	1 Introduction
	2 Geometric Structure and Modeling
	3 Theoretical Understanding of the Structure
	4 Result Analysis
	5 Performance Analysis by Varying Geometric Parameters
		5.1 Effects of Varying Air Hole Diameters
		5.2 Pitch Variation
		5.3 Metal Layer Thickness Variation
	6 Conclusion
	References
FPGA Implementation of ECC Enabled Multi-factor Authentication (E-MFA) Protocol for IoT Based Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Proposed Work
		3.1 Proposed Protocol
		3.2 Algorithm
		3.3 Point Multiplication
		3.4 Point Addition
		3.5 Point Doubling
		3.6 Example Calculation or Illustration
		3.7 Finite State Machine (FSM)
	4 Result and Analysis
		4.1 Simulation Result
		4.2 Synthesized Result and Analysis
	5 Security Attacks
		5.1 Replay Attack
		5.2 Man in the Middle Attack
		5.3 De-synchronization Attack
		5.4 Stolen Smart Card Attack
		5.5 Credential Stuffing
	6 Conclusion
	References
GPS Aided Hassle-Free Cycling Using Sensors
	1 Introduction
	2 System Working
		2.1 Heart Beat Sensor Working
		2.2 Speed Measurement Using Accelerometer
	3 Conclusions
	References
High-Performance Residue Arithmetic Based Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem Over GF(p) for Hardware Security
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem Over GF(p)
		3.1 Point Addition
		3.2 Point Doubling
		3.3 Point Multiplication
	4 Proposed ECC Architecture
	5 Results and Analysis
		5.1 Numerical Calculation of ECC Operations
		5.2 Simulation Results and Implementation of ECC
		5.3 FPGA Synthesis Results of Proposed ECC Operations
		5.4 ASIC Synthesis Results of ECC Operations
		5.5 Performance Analysis of ECC Operations
	6 Application of ECC Point Operations in Hardware ECC Encryption and Decryption
	7 Conclusion
	References
Performance Improvement of Inorganic Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cell
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Device Parameters and Structure
	2 Results and Discussion
		2.1 Outcome of ETL on the Photovoltaic Performance of Non-toxic PSC
		2.2 Outcome of DD of Absorber Layer on the PV Performance of Non-toxic PSC
	3 Conclusion
	References
Photonic Processing Core for Reconfigurable Electronic-Photonic Integrated Circuit
	1 Introduction
	2 Photonic Processing Core
		2.1 Reconfiguration Mechanism in Silicon Photonics
		2.2 Reversible Photonic Gate
		2.3 Reconfigurable Switch Matrix
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Configuration of Photonic Processing Core (PPC) as Ring-Resonator
	4 Conclusion
	References
Author Index