MicroComputed Tomography-Methodology and Applications, Second Edition

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
List of Abbreviations
1. Introduction
	References
2. Fundamentals
	2.1. X-radiation
		2.1.1. Generation
		2.1.2. Interaction with Matter
	2.2. Imaging
	2.3. X-ray Contrast and Imaging
	References
3. Reconstruction from Projections
	3.1. Basic Concepts
	3.2. Iterative Reconstruction Illustrated by the Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART)
	3.3. Analytic Reconstruction – Back Projection
	3.4. Analytic Reconstruction – Fourier-Based Reconstruction
	3.5. Reconstruction Employing Machine Learning and Deep Learning
	3.6. Performance
	3.7. Sinograms
	3.8. Related Methods
	References
4. MicroCT Systems and Their Components
	4.1. Absorption MicroCT Methods
	4.2. X-ray Sources
	4.3. Detectors
	4.4. Positioning Components
	4.5. Tube-Based Systems prior to 2008
	4.6. Tube-Based Systems since 2008
	4.7. Synchrotron Radiation Systems before 2008
	4.8. Synchrotron Radiation Systems since 2008
	4.9. NanoCT (Full-Field, Microscopy-Based)
	4.10. MicroCT with Phase Contrast
	4.11. MicroCT with X-ray Fluorescence
	4.12. MicroCT with Scattered X-rays
	4.13. System Specification
	References
5. MicroCT in Practice
	5.1. Reconstruction Artifacts
		5.1.1. Motion Artifacts
		5.1.2. Ring Artifacts
		5.1.3. Reconstruction Center Errors
		5.1.4. Imperfections in the Optical System and X-ray Source
		5.1.5. Mechanical Imperfections Including Rotation Stage Wobble
		5.1.6. Undersampling
		5.1.7. Beam Hardening
		5.1.8. Artifacts from High Absorption Features within a Specimen
		5.1.9. Artifacts in Truncated Data Sets
		5.1.10. Phase Contrast Artifacts
	5.2. Performance: Precision and Accuracy
		5.2.1. Correction for Nonidealities
		5.2.2. Partial Volume Effects
		5.2.3. Detection Limits for High Contrast Features
		5.2.4. Geometry
		5.2.5. Linear Attenuation Coefficients
	5.3. Contrast Enhancement
	5.4. Data Acquisition Challenges
	5.5. Specimen Damage
	5.6. Speculations
	References
6. Experimental Design, Data Analysis, Visualization
	6.1. Experiment Design
	6.2. Data Analysis
		6.2.1. Segmentation by Voxel Value
		6.2.2. Segmentation by Voxel Value and Voxel Gradient
		6.2.3. Quantification by the Distance Transform Method
		6.2.4. Quantification by Watershed Segmentation
		6.2.5. Quantification by Other Methods
		6.2.6. Image Texture
		6.2.7. Segmentation by Machine Learning/Deep Learning
		6.2.8. Interpretation of Voxel Values
		6.2.9. Tracking Evolving Structures
	6.3. Data Representation
	References
7. “Simple” Metrology and Microstructure Quantification
	7.1. Distribution of Phases
		7.1.1. Pharmaceuticals and Food
		7.1.2. Geological and Planetary Materials
		7.1.3. Two or More Phase Metals, Ceramics, and Polymers
		7.1.4. Manufactured Composites
		7.1.5. Biological Tissues as Phases (Anatomy)
		7.1.6. Cultural Heritage, Archeology, and Forensics
	7.2. Metrology and Phylogeny
		7.2.1. Industrial Metrology
		7.2.2. Additive Manufacturing
		7.2.3. Paleontology
		7.2.4. Cells
		7.2.5. Flora
		7.2.6. Insecta, Mollusca, and Echinodermata
		7.2.7. Vertebrates
	References
8. Cellular or Trabecular Solids
	8.1. Cellular Solids
	8.2. Static Cellular Structures
	8.3. Temporally Evolving, Nonmineralized Tissue Cellular Structures
	8.4. Mineralized Tissue
		8.4.1. Echinoderm Stereom
		8.4.2. Cancellous Bone – Motivations for Study and the Older Literature
		8.4.3. Cancellous Bone – Growth and Aging
		8.4.4. Cancellous Bone – Deformation, Damage, and Modeling
		8.4.5. Mineralized Cartilage
	8.5. Implants and Tissue Scaffolds
		8.5.1. Implants
		8.5.2. Scaffold Structures and Processing
		8.5.3. Bone Growth into Scaffolds
	References
9. Networks
	9.1. Engineered Network Solids
	9.2. Networks of Pores
	9.3. Circulatory System
	9.4. Respiratory System
	9.5. Networks of Nerves
	References
10. Evolution of Structures
	10.1. Food and Pharmaceuticals
	10.2. Materials Processing
		10.2.1. Solidification
		10.2.2. Vapor Phase Processing
		10.2.3. Plastic Forming
		10.2.4. Particle Packing and Sintering
	10.3. Environmental Interactions
		10.3.1. Geological Applications
		10.3.2. Construction Materials
		10.3.3. Degradation of Biological Structures
		10.3.4. Corrosion of Metals
	10.4. Bone and Soft Tissue Adaptation
		10.4.1. Mineralized Tissue: Implants, Healing, Mineral Levels, and Remodeling
		10.4.2. Soft Tissue and Soft Tissue Interfaces
	References
11. Mechanically Induced Damage, Deformation, and Cracking
	11.1. Deformation Studies
	11.2. Cracks and Failure – Monolithic Materials
	11.3. Cracks and Failure – Composites
		11.3.1. Particle-Reinforced Composites
		11.3.2. Fiber-Reinforced Composites
	References
12. Multimode Studies and Nonabsorption Modalities
	12.1. Multimode Studies
		12.1.1. Sea Urchin Teeth
		12.1.2. Sulfate Ion Attack of Portland Cement
		12.1.3. Fatigue Crack Path and Mesotexture
		12.1.4. Creep and Corrosion Damage
		12.1.5. Load Redistribution in Damaged Monofilament Composites
		12.1.6. Bone and Other Mineralized Tissues in Mammals
		12.1.7. Networks and Porosity
	12.2. Reconstruction Other than with Absorption or Phase Contrast
		12.2.1. X-Ray Scattering Tomography
		12.2.2. Diffraction Tomography of Large-Grained Specimens
		12.2.3. Coherent Diffraction Imaging and Ptychography
		12.2.4. Fluorescence Tomography
	References
Name Index
Subject Index