Microbiology: The Human Experience

Cover (Micro Biology: The Human Experience)
Front Matter
	Title
	Copyright
	Dedication
	Contents
	About the Authors
	Preface
	Acknowledgements
1 - Microbes Shape Our History
	1.1 - From Germ to Genome: What Is a Microbe?
	1.2 - Microbes Shape Human History
	1.3 - Medical Microbiology and Immunology
	1.4 - Microbes in Our Environment
	1.5 - The DNA Revolution
2 - Basic Concepts of Infectious Disease
	2.1 - Normal Microbiota versus Pathogens
	2.2 - Basic Concepts of Disease
	2.3 - Infection Cycles and Disease Transmission
	2.4 - Portals of Entry and Exit
	2.5 - Host Factors in Disease
	2.6 - Global Change and Emerging Infectious Diseases
3 - Observing Microbes
	3.1 - Observing Microbes
	3.2 - Optics and Properties of Light
	3.3 - Bright-Field Microscopy
	3.4 - Stained Samples
	3.5 - Advanced Microscopy
4 - Living Chemistry: From Atoms to Cells
	4.1 - Elements, Bonding, and Water
	4.2 - Lipids and Sugars
	4.3 - Nucleic Acids and Proteins
	4.4 - Biochemical Reactions
	4.5 - Membranes and Transport
	4.6 - Endocytosis and Phagocytosis
5 - Cell Biology of Bacteria and Eukaryotes
	5.1 - The Bacterial Cell: An Overview
	5.2 - Bacterial Membranes and Transport
	5.3 - The Bacterial Cell Wall and Outer Layers
	5.4 - The Nucleoid and Bacterial Cell Division
	5.5 - Specialized Structures of Bacteria
	5.6 - The Eukaryotic Cell
6 - Bacterial Growth, Nutrition, and Differentiation
	6.1 - Microbial Nutrition
	6.2 - Culturing and Counting Bacteria
	6.3 - The Growth Cycle
	6.4 - Environmental Limits on Microbial Growth
	6.5 - Living with Oxygen: Aerobe versus Anaerobe
	6.6 - Microbial Communities and Cell Differentiation
7 - Bacterial Metabolism
	7.1 - Energy for Life
	7.2 - Catabolism: The Microbial Buffet
	7.3 - Glucose Catabolism, Fermentation, and the TCA Cycle
	7.4 - Respiration and Lithotrophy
	7.5 - Photosynthesis and Carbon Fixation
	7.6 - Biosynthesis and Nitrogen Fixation
8 - Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
	8.1 - Bacterial Genomes
	8.2 - DNA Replication
	8.3 - Mutation and Repair
	8.4 - Biotechnology
	8.5 - Transcription of DNA to RNA
	8.6 - Protein Synthesis
	8.7 - Regulation of Gene Expression
9 - Bacterial Genomes and Evolution
	9.1 - Gene Transfer, Recombination, and Mobile Genetic Elements
	9.2 - Origins and Evolution
	9.3 - Natural Selection
	9.4 - Bioinformatics
	9.5 - Microbial Taxonomy
10 - Bacterial Diversity
	10.1 - Bacterial Diversity at a Glance
	10.2 - Gram-Positive Firmicutes and Actinobacteria
	10.3 - Gram-Negative Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes
	10.4 - Spirochetes: Twisted-Cell Pathogens and Symbionts
	10.5 - Cyanobacteria Fix Carbon Dioxide and Produce Oxygen
	10.6 - Chlamydias: Intracellular Pathogens
11 - Eukaryotic Microbes and Invertebrate Infectious Agents
	11.1 - Eukaryotes: An Overview
	11.2 - Fungi and Microsporidians
	11.3 - Algae and Amebas Are Environmental Protists
	11.4 - Alveolates: Predators, Phototrophs, and Parasites
	11.5 - Trypanosomes and Metamonads
	11.6 - Invertebrate Parasites: Helminths and Arthropods
12 - Viruses
	12.1 - What Is a Virus?
	12.2 - Viral Genomes and Diversity
	12.3 - Virus Replication and Culture
	12.4 - Papillomavirus: DNA Genome
	12.5 - Influenza Virus: RNA Genome
	12.6- Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Reverse Transcription
13 - Sterilization, Disinfection, and Antibiotic Therapy
	13.1 - Basic Concepts of Sterilization and Disinfection
	13.2 - Physical Agents That Kill Microbes
	13.3 - Chemical Agents of Disinfection
	13.4 - Basic Concepts of Antimicrobial Therapy
	13.5 - Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Action
	13.6 - The Challenges of Antibiotic Resistance
	13.7 - Antiviral Agents
	13.8 - Antifungal Agents
14 - Normal Human Microbiota: A Delicate Balance of Power
	14.1 - Human Microbiota: Location and Shifting Composition
	14.2 - Benefits and Risks of a Microbiome
	14.3 - Keeping Microbiota in Their Place
	14.4 - Microbiota-Host Communications
	14.5 - Natural Biological Control of Microbiota
15 - The Immune System: Inflammation and Innate Immunity
	15.1 - Overview of the Immune System
	15.2 - Innate Host Defenses: Keeping the Microbial Hordes at Bay
	15.3 - The Acute Inflammatory Response
	15.4 - Phagocytosis: A Closer Look
	15.5 - Interferon, Natural Killer Cells, and Toll-Like Receptors
	15.6 - Fever
	15.7 - Complement
16 - The Immune System: Adaptive Immunity
	16.1 - Adaptive Immunity: The Big Picture
	16.2 - Immunogenicity and Immune Specificity
	16.3 - Antibody Structure and Diversity
	16.4 - Humoral Immunity: Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses
	16.5 - T Cells: The Link between Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity
	16.6 - T-Cell Activation
	16.7 - Cell-Mediated Immunity
17 - Immune Disorders, Tools, and Vaccines
	17.1 - Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
	17.2 - Immune Surveillance and the Cancers of Lymphoid Tissues
	17.3 - Hypersensitivity
	17.4 - Autoimmunity and Organ Transplants
	17.5 - Tools of Immunology
	17.6 - Vaccines and Immunization
18 - Microbial Pathogenesis
	18.1 - The Tools and Toolkits of Bacterial Pathogens
	18.2 - Microbial Attachment
	18.3 - Toxins: A Means to Seduce, Hijack, or Kill Host Cells
	18.4 - Secretion of Virulence Proteins
	18.5 - Surviving within the Host
	18.6 - Viral Pathogenesis
	18.7 - Protozoan Pathogenesis
19 - Infections of the Skin and Eye
	19.1 - Anatomy of the Skin and Eye
	19.2 - Viral Infections of the Skin
	19.3 - Bacterial Infections of the Skin
	19.4 - Fungal Infections of the Skin
	19.5 - Skin Infections of Special Circumstance
	19.6 - Eye Infections
20 - Infections of the Respiratory Tract
	20.1 - Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract
	20.2 - Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract
	20.3 - Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract
	20.4 - Fungal and Parasitic Infections of the Respiratory Tract
21 - Systemic Infections
	21.1 - Anatomy of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
	21.2 - Systemic Viral Infections
	21.3 - Systemic Bacterial Infections
	21.4 - Bacterial Infections of the Heart
	21.5 - Systemic Parasitic Infections
22 - Infections of the Digestive System
	22.1 - Anatomy of the Digestive System
	22.2 - Infections of the Oral Cavity
	22.3 - Gastrointestinal Syndromes
	22.4 - Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
	22.5 - Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
	22.6 - Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
23 - Infections of the Urinary and Reproductive Tracts
	23.1 - Anatomy of the Urinary Tract
	23.2 - Urinary Tract Infections
	23.3 - Anatomy of the Reproductive Tract
	23.4 - Sexually Transmitted Infections of the Reproductive Tract
	23.5 - Non-Sexually Transmitted Infections of the Reproductive Tract
24 - Infections of the Central Nervous System
	24.1 - Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
	24.2 - Overview of the Infectious Diseases of the Central Nervous System
	24.3 - Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System
	24.4 - Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System
	24.5 - Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System
	24.6 - Parasitic and Prion Infections of the Central Nervous System
25 - Diagnostic Clinical Microbiology
	25.1 - The Importance of Clinical Microbiology
	25.2 - Specimen Collection
	25.3 - Pathogen Identification Using Biochemical Profiles
	25.4 - Pathogen Identification by Genetic Fingerprinting
	25.5 - Pathogen Identification by Serology, Antigenic Footprints, and Other Immunological Methods
	25.6 - Point-of-Care Rapid Diagnostics
26 - Epidemiology: Tracking Infectious Diseases
	26.1 - Principles and Tools of Epidemiology
	26.2 - Tracking Hospital-Acquired Infections
	26.3 - Tracking Global Disease Trends
	26.4 - Detecting Emerging Microbial Diseases
	26.5 - Bioterrorism and Biodefense
27 - Environmental and Food Microbiology
	27.1 - Microbes in Ecosystems
	27.2 - Microbial Symbiosis with Animals
	27.3 - Fermented Foods and Beverages
	27.4 - Food Spoilage and Preservation
	27.5 - Wastewater Treatment
	27.6 - Biogeochemical Cycles
Appendix 1: The Periodic Table of the Elements
Appendix 2: Metabolic Pathways
Appendix 3: Structures of Antibiotics and Disinfectants
Answers to Objectives Review and Clinical Correlation Questions
Glossary
Credits
Index