Microbiology: Basic and Clinical Principles

Cover......Page 1
Brief Contents......Page 2
Title Page......Page 15
Copyright Page......Page 16
Welcome to Microbiology!......Page 17
Supplement Contributors......Page 18
Preface......Page 19
Acknowledgements......Page 21
Reviewers......Page 22
Contents......Page 25
1. Introduction to Microbiology......Page 33
 Concept Coach: The S.M.A.R.T. Approach......Page 34
  Great Advances Occurred in and Around the Golden Ageof Microbiology......Page 35
  The Scientific Method Is the Guiding InvestigativePrinciple for Microbiology......Page 39
  Morphology and Physiology Are Central to BacterialClassification......Page 40
  Taxonomy Groups Organisms......Page 41
  Microbes May Be Friends or Foes......Page 43
  We Culture Microbes So We Can Study Them......Page 48
  Specimens Are Often Stained Before Viewing with aMicroscope......Page 50
  Microscopy Is Central to Microbiology......Page 54
 Visual Summary......Page 61
 Chapter 1 Overview......Page 62
 Comprehensive Case......Page 63
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 65
2. Biochemistry Basics......Page 68
  What Are Atoms?......Page 69
  What Are Molecules?......Page 71
  Electrons Determine What Bonds Can form......Page 75
  Water Prefers to Interact with Polar Molecules......Page 78
  Chemical Reactions Make and Break Chemical Bonds......Page 80
  Chemical Reactions Consume or Release Energy......Page 82
  Carbohydrates Include Simple Sugars and Polysaccharides......Page 83
  Lipids Include Fats, Oils, Waxes, and Steroids......Page 84
  Nucleic Acids Include DNA and RNA......Page 86
  Proteins Are Cellular Workhorses......Page 87
 Visual Summary......Page 93
 Chapter 2 Overview......Page 94
 Comprehensive Case......Page 95
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 96
3. Introduction to Prokaryotic Cells......Page 99
  Bacteria and Archaea Are Different Types of ProkaryoticCells......Page 100
  Prokaryotes Have Unique Sizes, Shapes, andArrangements......Page 101
  Prokaryotic Cells Primarily Divide by BinaryFission......Page 102
  Prokaryotic Cells Rely on Their Plasma Membrane andCell Wall as Barriers......Page 104
  Knowing a Bacterium’s Gram and Acid-Fast Properties IsClinically Useful......Page 106
  Prokaryotic Cells Transport Substances Across Their CellWall and Plasma Membrane......Page 110
  Many Prokaryotic Cells Have External Structures forAdhesion, Movement, and Protection......Page 112
  Prokaryotes Lack Membrane-Bound Organelles,But Still Have Intracellular Structures......Page 116
  Some Bacterial Species Make Endospores to SurviveHarsh Conditions......Page 118
 Visual Summary......Page 120
 Chapter 3 Overview......Page 121
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 122
4. Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells......Page 125
  Eukaryotic Cell Structures, as Well as Processes forCell Division and Transport, Differ from ProkaryoticCells......Page 126
  Eukaryotic Organisms Fall into Four DifferentKingdoms......Page 131
  Certain Eukaryotes Have a Cell Wall......Page 137
  Many Eukaryotes Have Structures for Protection,Adhesion, and Movement......Page 138
  The Cytoskeleton Shapes Cells and Coordinates CellCargo Movement......Page 140
  Eukaryotes Have a Variety of Membrane-BoundOrganelles......Page 141
 Visual Summary......Page 147
 Chapter 4 Overview......Page 148
 Comprehensive Case......Page 149
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 150
5. Genetics......Page 153
  Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Genomes Differ in Size andOrganization......Page 154
  The Nucleic Acids DNA and mRNA Govern Cell Life......Page 155
  Genetic Information Typically Flows from DNA, to RNA,to Protein......Page 157
  DNA Replication Allows Cells to Copy Their DNA......Page 159
  Leading and Lagging Strand Replication Differs......Page 160
  Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Replicate DNA SomewhatDifferently......Page 162
  Transcription Makes RNA......Page 163
  Three Main Types of RNA Are Involved in ProteinSynthesis......Page 165
  Ribosomes Translate mRNA to Build Proteins......Page 166
  Controlling Protein Synthesis Is Essential for All Cells......Page 171
  Operons Are One form of Pre-Transcriptional Regulation......Page 172
  Cells Alter Their Epigenome as a Means of Pre-Transcriptional Regulation......Page 174
  Post-Transcriptional Regulation Impacts How OftenmRNA Is Translated into Protein......Page 175
  There Are Three Main Categories of Mutations:Substitutions, Insertions, and Deletions......Page 176
  Mutation Effects Differ......Page 177
  Mutations Can Be Spontaneous or Induced......Page 179
  DNA Proofreading and Repair Mechanisms Protect theStability of the Genome......Page 180
  Horizontal Gene Transfer Allows Bacteria to Share GenesWithout a Cell Division Event......Page 182
 Concept Coach: DNA Replication......Page 161
 Concept Coach: Protein Synthesis......Page 168
 Visual Summary......Page 190
 Chapter 5 Overview......Page 192
 Comprehensive Case......Page 193
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 194
6. Viruses and Prions......Page 196
  Viruses Are Nonliving Pathogens......Page 197
  Viruses Exhibit Diverse Structural and GenomicFeatures......Page 198
  Viral Genomes Change over Time......Page 201
  Diverse Features Are Used to Classify and NameViruses......Page 203
  Viruses Are Named Using Standardized Rules......Page 206
 Concept Coach: Lytic and Lysogenic Replication......Page 207
  Some Animal Viruses Have Unique ReplicationMechanisms That Cause Persistent Infections......Page 210
  Viruses Can Be Grown in the Laboratory......Page 214
  Diagnostic Tests Determine the Presence of CertainViruses......Page 215
  Antiviral Drugs Treat Infections, But Don’t Typically CureThem......Page 217
  Prions Are Infectious Proteins......Page 219
 Visual Summary......Page 221
 Chapter 6 Overview......Page 222
 Comprehensive Case......Page 223
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 224
7. Fundamentals of Microbial Growth......Page 225
  Bacteria Usually Divide by Binary Fission, But Some MayUse Budding or Spore Formation......Page 226
  Bacteria Have Four Distinct Growth Phases WhenCultured Using a Closed Pure Batch System......Page 228
  Prokaryotes Adapt to Various Growth Conditions......Page 230
  Microbes Require Nutrients, Growth Factors, and a Sourceof Energy......Page 234
  Microbes Are Grown Using Various Media......Page 236
  Collecting, Isolating, Counting, and Identifying MicrobesAre Important in Microbiology......Page 240
  Temperature, Radiation, and Filtration Are All PhysicalMethods to Control Microbial Growth......Page 244
  Germicides Are Chemical Controls That Limit Microbes......Page 247
  Many Factors Must Be Considered to Select anAppropriate Germicide......Page 252
  Different Control Methods Work for Different Microbes......Page 253
 Visual Summary......Page 255
 Chapter 7 Overview......Page 256
 Comprehensive Case......Page 257
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 258
8. Microbial Metabolism......Page 260
  ATP Is Like Metabolic Money......Page 261
  Cells Rely on Enzymes for Metabolism......Page 263
  Many Factors Affect Enzyme Activity......Page 266
  Redox Reactions Fuel the Recharging of ADP to ATP......Page 271
  Three General Mechanisms Make Recharging ADP to ATPPossible......Page 273
  Cellular Respiration Is One Way Cells Harvest Energyfrom Nutrients......Page 274
  Aerobic Cellular Respiration Uses Oxygen as theFinal Electron Receptor, While Anaerobic CellularRespiration Does Not......Page 281
  Glycolysis Is Not the Only Pathway to Oxidize Sugars......Page 283
  Fermentation Catabolizes Nutrients Without Using aRespiratory Chain......Page 284
  Cells Also Catabolize Lipids, Proteins, and NucleicAcids......Page 286
  Polysaccharide Biosynthesis Starts with Simple Sugars......Page 288
  Lipid Biosynthesis Starts with Fatty Acids and Glycerol......Page 289
  Purines and Pyrimidines Are Not Usually Made fromScratch......Page 290
  Autotrophs Fix Carbon; Heterotrophs Cannot......Page 291
  How a Cell Obtains Energy to Make ATP DefinesPhototrophs and Chemotrophs......Page 292
  There Are Many Tests to Identify Bacterial Samples......Page 293
 Concept Coach: Glycolysis......Page 275
 Concept Coach: Krebs Cycle......Page 277
 Concept Coach: Electron Transport Chains......Page 279
 Visual Summary......Page 296
 Chapter 8 Overview......Page 298
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 299
9. Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology......Page 302
  Disease Terminology Is the Foundation of UnderstandingModern Health Care and Epidemiology......Page 303
  Koch’s Postulates Reveal the Cause of Some InfectiousDiseases, But Have Limitations......Page 304
  Transmission Is the Spread of a Pathogen from a Sourceto a New Host......Page 305
  Five General Stages of Disease Occur DuringInfections......Page 307
 Epidemiology Essentials......Page 309
  There Are Strategies to Break the EpidemiologicalTriangle......Page 310
  Epidemiological Measures Are Often Presented as Ratios,Proportions, or Rates......Page 312
  Measures of Association May Reveal Risk Factors for aDisease......Page 313
  Epidemiological Studies Can Be Categorized as EitherDescriptive or Analytical......Page 314
  Healthcare-Acquired Infections Are Dangerous,Expensive, and an Increasing Problem......Page 316
  Surveillance Programs Monitor, Control, and PreventDisease......Page 319
  Conducting Epidemiology Involves Weighing EthicalIssues......Page 321
 Visual Summary......Page 324
 Chapter 9 Overview......Page 325
 Comprehensive Case......Page 326
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 327
10. Host–Microbe Interactions and Pathogenesis......Page 329
  Host–Microbe Interactions May Be Benign or CauseDisease......Page 330
  Host–Microbe Interactions Influence Virulence......Page 332
  Not All Pathogens Are Equally Virulent......Page 333
  Toxins Are Major Virulence Factors......Page 334
  First, a Pathogen Must Enter a Host......Page 337
  Second, a Pathogen Must Adhere to Host Tissues......Page 339
  Third, a Pathogen Must Invade Tissues and ObtainNutrients......Page 340
  Fourth, a Pathogen Must Evade Host Immune Defenses SoIt Can Replicate......Page 342
  Fifth, a Pathogen Must Be Transmitted to a New Host toRepeat the Cycle......Page 344
  Biosafety Levels Dictate Appropriate on-the-Job Behaviorsin Healthcare......Page 345
  Infection Control Practices Protect Both Workers andPatients in Healthcare Facilities......Page 346
 Visual Summary......Page 351
 Chapter 10 Overview......Page 352
 Comprehensive Case......Page 353
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 354
11. Innate Immunity......Page 356
  Immune Responses Are Classified as Either Innate orAdaptive......Page 357
 Concept Coach: Overview of Innate Immunity......Page 358
  First-Line Defenses Aim to Prevent Pathogen Entry......Page 359
  The Lymphatic System Collects, Circulates, and FiltersBody Fluids......Page 361
  Leukocytes Are Essential in All Immune Responses......Page 362
  Leukocytes Work with Molecular Factors as a Part ofSecond-Line Defenses......Page 363
  Granulocytes Include Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils,and Mast Cells......Page 364
  Agranulocytes Associated with Innate Immunity IncludeMonocytes (Macrophage Precursors), Dendritic Cells,and Certain Lymphocytes......Page 365
  A Number of Defense Molecules Mediate Innate ImmuneResponses......Page 366
  Complement Cascades Boost the Effectiveness of OtherInnate Immune Responses......Page 369
  Inflammation Is Essential to Healing and Immunity,But if Unregulated It Damages Our Own Tissues......Page 371
 Concept Coach: Inflammation......Page 376
 Visual Summary......Page 377
 Chapter 11 Overview......Page 378
 Comprehensive Case......Page 379
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 380
12. Adaptive Immunity......Page 382
  The Adaptive Response Is the Body’s Third and Final Lineof Defense......Page 383
 Concept Coach: An Overview of Adaptive Immunity......Page 384
  T Cells Fall into Two Main Classes: Helper or CytotoxicCells......Page 386
  T Cells and B Cells Are Screened for Self-Tolerance......Page 388
  Stage 1: Antigen-Presenting Cells Use MajorHistocompatibility Complexes I or II to PresentAntigens to T Cells......Page 389
  Stage 2: T Cells Are Activated by Antigen-Presenting Cellsin Lymphatic Tissues......Page 392
  Stage 3: Activated T Cells Undergo Proliferation andDifferentiation......Page 394
  Stage 4: Effector T Cells Eliminate Antigens and MemoryT Cells Remain in Lymphatic Tissues......Page 395
  Stage 2: B Cells Are Activated by T-Dependent andT-Independent Antigens......Page 396
  Stage 3: Activated B Cells Proliferate and Differentiateinto Plasma Cells and Memory Cells......Page 397
  Stage 4: Antibodies Help Eliminate Antigens......Page 398
  Memory Cells Allow for Fast, Amplified Response uponRe-Exposure to an Antigen......Page 401
  Humoral Immunity Is Acquired Naturally or Artificially,and Is Either Passive or Active......Page 402
 Concept Coach: Antigen Presentation......Page 391
 Visual Summary......Page 404
 Chapter 12 Overview......Page 406
 Comprehensive Case......Page 407
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 408
13. Immune System Disorders......Page 410
  Aging, Chronic Disease, and Various ExternalFactors Can Cause Secondary ImmuneDeficiencies......Page 411
  Lack of Self-Tolerance Leads to AutoimmuneDisorders......Page 413
  There Are Four Classes of Hypersensitivities......Page 415
 Concept Coach: How Allergies Develop......Page 416
  Type II Hypersensitivities Are Often Characterizedby Cytotoxic Reactions, and Include BloodTransfusion Reactions and Hemolytic Diseaseof the Newborn......Page 422
  Rh Factor Incompatibility During Pregnancy May Lead toHemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)......Page 424
  Type III Hypersensitivities Are Characterized by ImmuneComplexes Depositing in Tissues......Page 427
  Type IV Hypersensitivities Are Mediated by T Cells......Page 428
 Visual Summary......Page 432
 Chapter 13 Overview......Page 433
 Comprehensive Case......Page 434
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 435
14. Vaccines and Biotechnology-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics......Page 437
  Vaccine History Includes Triumphs as Well asControversies......Page 438
  Immunity Is Acquired in a Number of Ways......Page 441
  There Are Many Vaccine Types, All with Different Prosand Cons......Page 443
  New Vaccines Are in Development for Persistent andEmerging Diseases......Page 445
  Immunological Diagnostic Tests Often Rely on Antigen–Antibody Interactions......Page 446
  Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) LeverageAntigen–Antibody Interaction for Rapid Diagnosis......Page 450
  Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) DetectTuberculosis Infections......Page 453
  Western Blotting and Complement Fixation Assays AreImmunodiagnostic Techniques That Are Now LessCommon in Clinical Settings......Page 454
  The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Can Help DiagnoseInfections and Genetic Disorders......Page 455
  Drug Development Often Relies on Recombinant DNATechniques......Page 456
  CRISPR Can Edit Any Genetic Material......Page 458
  Viruses Can Deliver Genes to Human Cells......Page 459
  Genome Maps Reveal Valuable Information......Page 460
  Gene Microarray Technology Provides a Global View ofCellular Functions......Page 461
 Visual Summary......Page 462
 Chapter 14 Overview......Page 463
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 464
15. Antimicrobial Drugs......Page 466
  Antimicrobial Drugs Are Described by the PathogensThey Target and Their Mechanisms of Action......Page 467
  Antimicrobial Drugs May Be Natural, Synthetic, orSemisynthetic......Page 468
  A Number of Factors Impact Antimicrobial DrugDevelopment......Page 469
  Many Antimicrobial Drugs Disrupt Bacterial Cell WallProduction......Page 472
  Quinolones and Rifamycins Target Nucleic Acids......Page 477
  Some Drugs Target Prokaryotic Ribosomes......Page 478
  Certain Polypeptide Drugs Target Membrane Structures......Page 480
  Antifungal Drugs Often Target Cell Wall and MembraneStructures......Page 481
  Antiprotozoan and Antihelminthic Drugs Often TargetIntracellular Components......Page 482
  Assessing a Bacterium’s Susceptibility to AntimicrobialDrugs Is Essential for Proper Treatment......Page 484
  Pathogens May Have Intrinsic and/or AcquiredAntimicrobial Resistance......Page 487
  There Are Three Main Ways Microbes EvadeAntimicrobial Drugs......Page 488
  Human Behaviors Can Accelerate Drug ResistanceEmergence......Page 490
  Combating Drug Resistance Requires Proper DrugStewardship......Page 492
 Visual Summary......Page 494
 Chapter 15 Overview......Page 495
 Comprehensive Case......Page 496
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 497
16. Respiratory System Infections......Page 499
  Inhalation Is the Most Common Way Microbes GainAccess to the Body......Page 500
  Viruses Are the Most Common Cause of RespiratoryInfections......Page 503
  RSV, HPIV, and Adenoviruses Produce Cold-LikeSymptoms But Have Other Clinical Features WorthNoting......Page 504
  Influenza Is the Second-Most-Common Viral RespiratoryIllness in Humans......Page 506
  Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Is Caused by aCoronavirus......Page 508
  Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Is a Rare But DangerousIllness......Page 509
  Otitis Media Is a Common Bacterial Complication ofColds......Page 510
  Streptococcus pyogenes Primarily Causes Strep Throat......Page 512
  Corynebacterium diphtheriae Causes Diphtheria......Page 513
  Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Is an Acute Infection of theRespiratory Tract......Page 514
  Tuberculosis (TB) Is One of the Top Infectious DiseaseKillers in the World......Page 515
  Pneumonia Is the Leading Infectious Disease Killer in theUnited States Today......Page 518
  Pneumococcal Pneumonia Is the Standard for ClassifyingTypical Pneumonia Syndrome......Page 519
  Many Other Bacteria Can Cause Typical PneumoniaSyndrome......Page 520
  There Are Six Leading Causes of Atypical BacterialPneumonia......Page 521
  Fungal Respiratory Infections Are Becoming MoreCommon......Page 526
  Ubiquitous Fungi Are Found Throughout Larger Regionsof the World, and Can Cause Serious Infections inImmune-Compromised Patients......Page 528
 Visual Summary......Page 531
 Chapter 16 Overview......Page 532
 Comprehensive Case......Page 533
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 534
17. Skin and Eye Infections......Page 536
  The Skin, Our Largest Organ, Has Specialized Defenses......Page 537
  Rashes and Lesions Are Typical Skin Afflictions......Page 538
  Vesicular or Pustular Rashes Characterize a Variety ofViral Infections......Page 539
  Maculopapular Rashes Are Typical of Several ViralInfections......Page 543
  Certain Viruses Cause Warts......Page 545
  Acne Is a Common Skin Infection Mainly Caused byPropionibacterium acnes Bacteria......Page 547
  Staphylococcus aureus Causes a Spectrum of SkinDiseases......Page 548
  Streptococcus pyogenes Primarily Causes Strep Throat, ButCan Cause Skin Infections......Page 550
  Pseudomonads Can Cause Opportunistic Infections asWell as Serious Wound Infections......Page 552
  Gas Gangrene and Cutaneous Anthrax Are Both BacterialInfections Characterized by Tissue Necrosis......Page 553
  Fungal Skin Infections Are Usually Superficial......Page 555
  Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Is a Protozoan Infection......Page 557
  The Eye Has Specialized Structures and DefenseMechanisms......Page 558
  Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Parasites Can All Cause EyeInfections......Page 559
 Visual Summary......Page 563
 Chapter 17 Overview......Page 564
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 565
18. Nervous System Infections......Page 568
  The Nervous System Contains Specialized Cells forTransmitting Signals......Page 569
  Unique Defenses Protect the Nervous System fromInfection......Page 570
  Both the CNS and PNS May Become Infected WhenDefenses Break Down......Page 572
  Viruses Cause the Most Common Nervous SystemInfections......Page 573
  Bacteria Can Infect the Central Nervous System, CausingMeningitis......Page 577
  Bacteria Can Infect the Peripheral Nervous System......Page 581
  Bacterial Toxins Can Damage the Nervous System......Page 582
  Fungi Can Infect the Central Nervous System......Page 585
  Protozoans Cause Rare But Serious Nervous SystemInfections......Page 586
  Infectious Proteins Called Prions Can Damage the CentralNervous System......Page 589
 Visual Summary......Page 591
 Chapter 18 Overview......Page 592
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 593
19. Digestive System Infections......Page 595
  A Variety of GI Tract Features Limit Digestive SystemInfections......Page 596
  Digestive System Infections May Result in Dysentery,Gastroenteritis, or Other GI Symptoms......Page 598
  Mumps Is a Viral Infection of the Salivary Glands......Page 599
  Many Viruses Cause Gastroenteritis......Page 600
  Hepatitis Is a Liver Infection Most Commonly Caused byThree Unrelated Viruses......Page 601
  Dental Caries Are Prevalent in Children WhilePeriodontal Disease Is Prevalent in Adults......Page 605
  Helicobacter pylori Can Cause Gastritis and StomachUlcers......Page 607
  Bacteria Are Common Causes of FoodborneIllnesses......Page 608
  Campylobacter jejuni Is a Leading Cause of BacterialFoodborne Illness......Page 610
  Dysentery and Fever May Occur During ShigellaInfections......Page 611
  Various Escherichia coli Strains Cause Gastroenteritis......Page 613
  Some Salmonella Cause Common FoodborneGastroenteritis, While Others Cause Typhoid Fever......Page 614
  Poor Sanitation Contributes to CholeraOutbreaks......Page 616
  Clostridium difficile Increasingly Causes Serious,Healthcare-Acquired Infections......Page 617
  Common Protozoan Infections Include Giardiasis,Amoebiasis, and Cryptosporidiosis......Page 619
  Numerous Helminths Can Infect the Digestive Tract andMay Migrate to Other Tissues......Page 622
 Visual Summary......Page 629
 Chapter 19 Overview......Page 630
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 631
20. Urinary and Reproductive System Infections......Page 633
  Our Urinary System Includes Kidneys, Ureters, theBladder, and the Urethra......Page 634
  The Female Reproductive System Includes Ovaries,Fallopian Tubes, Uterus, Cervix, Vagina, and ExternalGenitalia......Page 635
  The Female Reproductive System Has Built-In InnateProtections, Including a Specialized Microbiome......Page 638
  The Male Reproductive System Consists of the Scrotum,Testes, Spermatic Ducts, Sex Glands, and Penis......Page 640
  Bacteria Are the Most Common Cause of Urinary TractInfections......Page 642
  Fungi Can Cause UTIs......Page 646
  Genital Herpes Is an STI That Affects the ReproductiveSystem and Can Cause Serious NeonatalComplications......Page 647
  Human Papilloma Viruses Cause the Most Common STIin the World......Page 649
  Vaginosis and Vaginitis Describe Different VaginalConditions......Page 651
  Chlamydia trachomatis Is a Common Cause ofBacterial STIs......Page 652
  Gonorrhea Incidence Is on the Rise in the United Statesand Increased Antibiotic Resistance Is Making ItHarder to Treat......Page 655
  Syphilis Killed Millions for Centuries, and Remains aCommon But Curable Infection Today......Page 657
  Chanchroid Is an STI That Is Mainly Found in DevelopingNations......Page 658
  Candidiasis Is the Most Common Fungal Infection of theReproductive System......Page 659
  Caused by a Parasite, Trichomoniasis Is OftenUndiagnosed and Underreported......Page 661
 Visual Summary......Page 662
 Chapter 20 Overview......Page 663
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 664
21. Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Infections......Page 666
  Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System Infections AreOften referred to as Systemic Infections......Page 667
  Recent Microbiome Studies Indicate That, Contraryto Common Belief, Normal Blood isn’t CompletelySterile......Page 668
  Sepsis Is a Potentially Deadly Immune ResponseSyndrome......Page 669
  Vectorborne Systemic Viral Infections Include DengueFever, Yellow Fever, Chikungunya, and Zika......Page 672
  At Least Four Viral Families Are Known to CauseHemorrhagic Fevers......Page 677
  Epstein-Barr Virus Is the Most Common Cause ofMononucleosis, and Can Also Lead to Burkitt’sLymphoma......Page 679
  Chronic Retroviral Infections Can Lead to Cancer andImmunodeficiencies......Page 681
  Yersinia pestis Continues to Cause Plague......Page 685
  Bacterial Endocarditis Can Cause Heart ValveDamage......Page 686
  Ticks Are Common Vectors for Transmitting DiverseSystemic Bacterial Infections to Humans......Page 687
  Candidemia (Invasive Candidasis) Is the Most CommonSystemic Fungal Infection......Page 690
  The Ancient Disease Malaria Still Impacts Millions......Page 691
 Visual Summary......Page 694
 Chapter 21 Overview......Page 695
 End of Chapter Questions......Page 696
Appendix A: Answers to End of Chapter Questions......Page 699
Appendix B: Photo Credits......Page 707
Appendix C: ABRIDGED Microbiology in Nursing and Allied Health (MINAH) Undergraduate Curriculum Guidelines......Page 711
Glossary......Page 715
Index......Page 743
Back Cover......Page 773