Microbiology: A Systems Approach ISE

Cover
Title
Copyright
Brief Contents
About the Authors
Preface
Note from the Authors
Capturing Students\' Attention and Learning
Changes to the Seventh Edition
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 The Main Themes of Microbiology
	1.1 The Scope of Microbiology
	1.2 The Impact of Microbes on Earth: Small Organisms with a Giant Effect
		Microbial Involvement in Shaping Our Planet
	1.3 Human Use of Microorganisms
	1.4 Infectious Diseases and the Human Condition
	1.5 The General Characteristics of Microorganisms
		Cellular Organization
	1.6 The Historical Foundations of Microbiology
		The Development of the Microscope: \"Seeing Is Believing\"
	Insight 1.1 MICROBIOME: What Is a Microbiome?
		The Establishment of the Scientific Method
		Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
		The Development of Medical Microbiology
	1.7 Naming, Classifying, and Identifying Microorganisms
		Nomenclature: Assigning Specific Names
		Classification: Constructing Taxonomy
		The Origin and Evolution of Microorganisms
		A Universal Tree of Life
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
	Study Smarter: Better Together
	Chapter Summary
	SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
	Visual Connections
	High Impact Study
CHAPTER 2 The Chemistry of Biology
	2.1 Atoms, Bonds, and Molecules: Fundamental Building Blocks
		Different Types of Atoms: Elements and Their Properties
		The Major Elements of Life and Their Primary Characteristics
		Bonds and Molecules
	Insight 2.1 MICROBIOME: Thanks to the Sponge, and Its Microbiome, for Letting Us Breathe
		The Chemistry of Carbon and Organic Compounds
	2.2 Macromolecules: Superstructures of Life
		Carbohydrates: Sugars and Polysaccharides
		Lipids: Fats, Phospholipids, and Waxes
		Proteins: Shapers of Life
		The Nucleic Acids: A Cell Computer and Its Programs
	2.3 Cells: Where Chemicals Come to Life
		Fundamental Characteristics of Cells
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
	Study Smarter: Better Together
	Chapter Summary
	SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
	Visual Connections
	High Impact Study
CHAPTER 3 Tools of the Laboratory Methods for the Culturing and Microscopy of Microorganisms
	3.1 Methods of Culturing Microorganisms: The Five I\'s
		Inoculation: Producing a Culture
		Incubation
		Media: Providing Nutrients in the Laboratory
		Isolation: Separating One Species from Another
		Rounding Out the Five I\'s: Inspection and Identification
	3.2 The Microscope: Window on an Invisible Realm
		Microbial Dimensions: How Small Is Small?
		Magnification and Microscope Design
		Principles of Light Microscopy
		Preparing Specimens for Optical Microscopes
	Insight 3.1 MICROBIOME: The Microbiome of Leonardo da Vinci\'s Drawings
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
	Study Smarter: Better Together
	Chapter Summary
	SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
	Visual Connections
	High Impact Study
CHAPTER 4 Bacteria and Archaea
	4.1 The Bacteria 79
		The Structure of a Generalized Bacterial Cell
		Bacterial Arrangements and Sizes
		Biofilms
	4.2 External Structures
		Appendages: Cell Extensions
		Surface Coatings: The S Layer and the Glycocalyx
	4.3 The Cell Envelope: The Boundary Layer of Bacteria
		Differences in Cell Envelope Structure
		Structure of the Cell Wall
		Cytoplasmic Membrane Structure
		The Gram-Negative Outer Membrane
		The Gram Stain
		Practical Considerations of Differences in Cell Envelope Structure
	4.4 Bacterial Internal Structure
		Contents of the Cell Cytoplasm
		Bacterial Endospores: An Extremely Resistant Stage
	4.5 The Archaea
	4.6 Classification Systems for Bacteria and Archaea
	Insight 4.1 MICROBIOME: Archaea in the Human Microbiome
		Taxonomic Scheme
		Diagnostic Scheme
		Species and Subspecies in Bacteria and Archaea
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
	Study Smarter: Better Together
	Chapter Summary
	SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
	Visual Connections
	High Impact Study
CHAPTER 5 Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms
	5.1 Overview of the Eukaryotes
		Becoming Eukaryotic
	5.2 Form and Function of the Eukaryotic Cell: External and Boundary Structures
		Appendages for Movement: Cilia and Flagella
		The Glycocalyx
		Boundary Structures
	5.3 Form and Function of the Eukaryotic Cell: Internal Structures
		The Nucleus: The Control Center
		Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Passageway in the Cell
		Golgi Apparatus: A Packaging Machine
		Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Golgi Apparatus: Nature\'s Assembly Line
		Mitochondria: Energy Generators of the Cell
		Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis Machines
		Ribosomes: Protein Synthesizers
		The Cytoskeleton: A Support Network
		Survey of Eukaryotic Microorganisms
	5.4 The Fungi
		Fungal Nutrition
		Organization of Microscopic Fungi
		Reproductive Strategies and Spore Formation
		Fungal Identification and Cultivation
		The Effects of Fungi on Humans and the Environment
	Insight 5.1 MICROBIOME: Are Eukaryotic Microorganisms Part of Our Microbiome?
	5.5 The Protists
		The Algae: Photosynthetic Protists
		Biology of the Protozoa
		Classification of Selected Important Protozoa
		Protozoan Identification and Cultivation
		Important Protozoan Pathogens
	5.6 The Helminths
		General Worm Morphology
		Life Cycles and Reproduction
		A Helminth Cycle: The Pinworm
		Helminth Classification and Identification
		Distribution and Importance of Parasitic Worms
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
	Study Smarter: Better Together
	Chapter Summary
	SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
	Visual Connections
	High Impact Study
CHAPTER 6 Microbial Genetics
	6.1 Introduction to Genetics and Genes: Unlocking the Secrets of Heredity
		The Nature of the Genetic Material
		The DNA Code: A Simple Yet Profound Message
		The Significance of DNA Structure
	Insight 6.1 MICROBIOME: Customizing the Microbiome
		DNA Replication: Preserving the Code and Passing It On
	6.2 Transcription and Translation
		The Gene–Protein Connection
		The Major Participants in Transcription and Translation
		Transcription: The First Stage of Gene Expression
		Translation: The Second Stage of Gene Expression
		Eukaryotic Transcription and Translation: Similar Yet Different
	6.3 Genetic Regulation of Protein Synthesis
		The Lactose Operon: A Model for Inducible Gene Regulation in Bacteria
		A Repressible Operon
		Phase Variation
		Antibiotics That Affect Transcription and Translation
	6.4 DNA Recombination Events
		Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bacteria
		Pathogenicity Islands: Special \"Gifts\" of Horizontal Gene Transfer?
	6.5 Mutations: Changes in the Genetic Code
		Causes of Mutations
		Categories of Mutations
		Repair of Mutations
		The Ames Test
		Positive and Negative Effects of Mutations
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
	Study Smarter: Better Together
	Chapter Summary
	SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
	Visual Connections
	High Impact Study
CHAPTER 7 Viruses and Prions
	7.1 Introduction to Viruses
	Insight 7.1 MICROBIOME: Are Viruses Part of the Microbiome?
	7.2 The General Structure of Viruses
		Size Range
		Viral Components: Capsids, Envelopes, and Nucleic Acids
	7.3 How Viruses Are Classified and Named
	7.4 How Viruses Multiply
		Multiplication Cycles in Animal Viruses
		Viruses That Infect Bacteria
	7.5 Techniques in Cultivating and Identifying Animal Viruses
		Using Live Animal Inoculation
		Using Bird Embryos
		Using Cell (Tissue) Culture Techniques
	7.6 Viruses and Human Health
	7.7 Prions and Other Noncellular Infectious Agents
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
	Study Smarter: Better Together
	Chapter Summary
	SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
	Visual Connections
	High Impact Study
CHAPTER 8 Genetic Analysis and Recombinant DNA Technology
	8.1 Tools and Techniques of Recombinant DNA Technology
		DNA: The Raw Material
		Systems for Cutting, Splicing, Amplifying, and Moving DNA
		Recombinant DNA Technology and Gene Cloning
	8.2 DNA Analysis
		Visualizing DNA
	Insight 8.1 MICROBIOME: Host Genetics and the Microbiome
		DNA Profiling
		Measuring Gene Expression: Microarrays
	8.3 Genetic Approaches to Healing Disease
		Using the Genome Sequence to Tailor Treatments
		Products of Recombinant DNA Technology
		Genetically Modified Organisms
		Gene Therapy
		Small RNAs as Medicine
		CAR-T Cell Treatment of Cancer
		CRISPR
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
	Study Smarter: Better Together
	Chapter Summary
	SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
	Visual Connections
	High Impact Study
CHAPTER 9 Microbial Nutrition and Growth
	9.1 Microbial Nutrition
		A Chemical Analysis of Microbial Cytoplasm
		Sources of Essential Nutrients
		How Microbes Feed: Nutritional Types
		How Microbes Feed: Nutrient Absorption
		The Movement of Molecules: Diffusion and Transport
	9.2 Environmental Factors That Influence Microbes
		Temperature
		Gases
		pH
		Osmotic Pressure
		Radiation, Hydrostatic Pressure, and Moisture
	Insight 9.1 MICROBIOME: The Great Oxidation Event and Earth\'s Microbiome
		Other Organisms
	9.3 The Study of Microbial Growth
		The Basis of Population Growth: Binary Fission
		The Rate of Population Growth
		The Population Growth Curve
		Other Methods of Analyzing Population Growth
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
	Study Smarter: Better Together
	Chapter Summary
	SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
	Visual Connections
	High Impact Study
CHAPTER 10 Microbial Metabolism
	10.1 The Metabolism of Microbes
		Enzymes: Catalyzing the Chemical Reactions of Life
		Regulation of Enzymatic Activity and Metabolic Pathways
	10.2 Finding and Making Use of Energy
		Energy in Cells
		A Closer Look at Oxidation and Reduction
		Adenosine Triphosphate: Metabolic Money
	10.3 Catabolism: Getting Materials and Energy
		Overview of Catabolism
		Aerobic Respiration
		Pyruvic Acid: A Central Metabolite
		The Krebs Cycle: A Carbon and Energy Wheel
		The Respiratory Chain: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
		Summary of Aerobic Respiration
		Anaerobic Respiration
		Fermentation
		Catabolism of Noncarbohydrate Compounds
	10.4 Biosynthesis and the Crossing Pathways of Metabolism
		The Efficiency of the Cell
		Anabolism: Formation of Macromolecules
		Assembly of the Cell
	10.5 Photosynthesis: It Starts with Light
	Insight 10.1 MICROBIOME: Electricity Eaters
		Light-Dependent Reaction
		Light-Independent Reactions
		Other Mechanisms of Photosynthesis
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
	Study Smarter: Better Together
	Chapter Summary
	SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
	Visual Connections
	High Impact Study
CHAPTER 11 Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes
	11.1 Controlling Microorganisms
		General Considerations in Microbial Control
		Relative Resistance of Microbial Forms
		Methods of Microbial Control
		What Is Microbial Death?
		How Antimicrobial Agents Work: Their Modes of Action
	11.2 Methods of Physical Control
		Heat as an Agent of Microbial Control
		The Effects of Cold and Desiccation
		Radiation as a Microbial Control Agent
		Decontamination by Filtration: Techniques for Removing Microbes
		Osmotic Pressure
	11.3 Methods of Chemical Control
		Selecting a Microbicidal Chemical
		Factors Affecting the Microbicidal Activity of Chemicals
		Germicidal Categories According to Chemical Group
	Insight 11.1 MICROBIOME: Hand Hygiene
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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	Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 12 Antimicrobial Treatment
	12.1 Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
		The Origins of Antimicrobial Drugs
		Starting Treatment
		Identifying the Infection
		Testing to See Which Drug Will Work
		Affecting Microbes, Affecting Humans
		Mechanisms of Drug Action on Microbes
		The Effects of Antimicrobials on Humans
	Toxicity to Human Organs
	Human Allergic Responses to Drugs
	Suppression and Alteration of the Human Microbiota by Antimicrobials
	Insight 12.1 MICROBIOME: Do Antibiotics Make Us Fat?
	12.2 Survey of Major Antimicrobial Drug Groups
		Antibacterial Drugs Targeting the Cell Wall
		Antibacterial Drugs Targeting Protein Synthesis (Ribosomes)
		Antibacterial Drugs Targeting Folic Acid Synthesis
		Antibacterial Drugs Targeting DNA or RNA
		Antibacterial Drugs Targeting Cell Membranes
		Antibacterial Drugs and Biofilms
		Agents to Treat Fungal Infections
		Antiprotozoal and Antihelminthic Treatment
		Antiviral Agents
	12.3 Antimicrobial Resistance
		Interactions Between Microbes and Drugs: The Acquisition of Drug Resistance
		The Human Role in Antimicrobial Resistance
		An Urgent Problem
		New Approaches to Antimicrobial Therapy
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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	Chapter Summary
	SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
	Visual Connections
	High Impact Study
CHAPTER 13 Microbe–Human Interactions Health and Disease
	13.1 The Human Host and Its Microbiome
		Colonization, Infection, Disease—A Continuum
		The Human Microbiome Project
	Insight 13.1 MICROBIOME: Breast Cancer and the Breast Microbiome
	13.2 When Colonization Leads to Disease
		Becoming Established: Step One— Portals of Entry
		Becoming Established: Step Two—Attaching to the Host and Interacting with the Microbiome
		Becoming Established: Step Three—Surviving Host Defenses
		Step Four—Causing Disease
		Step Five—Vacating the Host: Portals of Exit
		Long-Term Infections and Long-Term Effects
		The Course of an Infection
		Reservoirs: Where Pathogens Persist
		The Acquisition and Transmission of Infectious Agents
		Which Agent Is the Cause? Using Koch\'s Postulates to Determine Etiology
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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	Chapter Summary
	SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
	Visual Connections
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CHAPTER 14 Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
	14.1 Epidemiology Basics and History
		Who, What, Where, When, and Why
		Public Health and Epidemiology
		History of Epidemiology
		U.S. Epidemiology in the Last 75 Years
	14.2 Units of Measure
		Patterns
		The Natural History of Diseases
		Causality
	Insight 14.1 MICROBIOME: Why Does Increased Weight Lead to Cognitive Impairment?
	14.3 Infectious Disease Epidemiology
		Surveillance and Notifiable Disease
		Healthcare-Associated Infections: The Hospital as a Source of Disease
		Reproducibility Rate and Case Fatality Rate
		Vaccinology
		Global Issues in Epidemiology
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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	Chapter Summary
	SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
	Visual Connections
	High Impact Study
CHAPTER 15 Host Defenses I Overview and Innate Immunity
	15.1 Defense Mechanisms of the Host: An Overview
		Tissues, Organs, and Cells Participating in Immunity
	Insight 15.1 MICROBIOME: The Gut Microbiome and Colorectal Cancer
	15.2 The First Line of Defense
		Physical or Anatomical Barriers at the Body\'s Surface
		Innate Chemical Defenses
	15.3 The Second Line of Defense
		Phagocytosis: Cornerstone of Inflammation and Adaptive Immunity
		Inflammation: A Complex Concert of Reactions to Injury
		The Stages of Inflammation
		Fever: An Adjunct to Inflammation
		Antimicrobial Products
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
	Study Smarter: Better Together
	Chapter Summary
	SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
	Visual Connections
	High Impact Study
CHAPTER 16 Host Defenses II Adaptive Immunity and Immunization
	16.1 Adaptive Immunity: The Third Line of Defense
		A Brief Overview of the Major Immune System Components
		Entrance and Presentation of Antigens
		Antigen Challenge and Clonal Selection
	16.2 Step I: The Development of Lymphocyte Diversity
		Specific Events in T-Cell Development
		Specific Events in B-Cell Development
		Building Immunologic Diversity
		Clonal Deletion and Selection
	16.3 Step II: Presentation of Antigens
		Characteristics of Antigens
		Encounters with Antigens
		The Role of Antigen Processing and Presentation
	16.4 Step III: Antigenic Challenge of T Cells and B Cells
		The Activation of T Cells and Their Differentiation into Subsets
		The Activation of B Cells: Clonal Expansion and Antibody Production
	16.5 Step IV (1): The T-Cell Response
		T Helper (TH) Cells
		Regulatory T (TR) Cells: Cells That Maintain the Happy Medium
		Cytotoxic T (TC) Cells: Cells That Kill Other Cells
		Gamma-Delta T Cells
	Insight 16.1 MICROBIOME: Cancer and the Microbiome
		Additional Cells with Orders to Kill
	16.6 Step IV ( 2): The B-Cell Response
		The Structure of Immunoglobulins
		Antibody-Antigen Interactions and the Function of the Fab
		Functions of the Fc Fragment
		Accessory Molecules on Immunoglobulins
		The Classes of Immunoglobulins
		Monitoring Antibody Production over Time: Primary and Secondary Responses to Antigens
	16.7 Adaptive Immunity and Vaccination
		Artificial Passive Immunization: Immunotherapy
		Artificial Active Immunity: Vaccination
		COVID-19 Vaccines
		Vaccine Technologies in the Pipeline
		Route of Administration and Side Effects of Vaccines
		Vaccinating: Who and When?
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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	Chapter Summary
	SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
	Visual Connections
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CHAPTER 17 Disorders in Immunity
	17.1 The Immune Response: A Two-Sided Coin
		Hypersensitivity: Four Types
	17.2 Type I Allergic Reactions: Atopy and Anaphylaxis
		Who Is Affected, and How?
	Insight 17.1 MICROBIOME: Asthma and the Airway—and Gut—Microbiome
	The Nature of Allergens and Their Portals of Entry
		Mechanisms of Type I Allergy: Sensitization and Provocation
		Cytokines, Target Organs, and Allergic Symptoms
		IgE- and Mast-Cell-Mediated Allergic Conditions
		Diagnosis of Allergy
		Treatment of Allergy
	17.3 Type II Hypersensitivities: Reactions That Lyse Cells
		The Basis of Human ABO Antigens and Blood Types
		Antibodies Against A and B Antigens
		The Rh Factor and Its Clinical Importance
		Other RBC Antigens
	17.4 Type III Hypersensitivities: Immune Complex Reactions
		Mechanisms of Immune Complex Disease
		Types of Immune Complex Disease
	17.5 Type IV Hypersensitivities: Cell-Mediated (Delayed) Reactions
		Delayed Hypersensitivity to Microbes
		Contact Dermatitis
		T Cells and Their Role in Organ Transplantation
	17.6 An Inappropriate Response Against Self: Autoimmunity
		Possible Causes of Autoimmune Disease
		The Origins of Autoimmune Disease
		Examples of Autoimmune Disease
	17.7 Immunodeficiency Diseases: Hyposensitivities
		Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
		Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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	Chapter Summary
	SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
	Visual Connections
	High Impact Study
CHAPTER 18 Diagnosing Infections
	18.1 Preparation for the Survey of Microbial Diseases
		Phenotypic Methods
		Immunologic Methods
		Genotypic Methods
		Special Case: Bloodstream Infections
	18.2 First Steps: Specimen Collection
	Insight 18.1 MICROBIOME: The Human Microbiome Project and Diagnosis of Infection
		Overview of Laboratory Techniques
	18.3 Phenotypic Methods
		Immediate Direct Examination of Specimen
		Methods Requiring Growth
		Determining Clinical Significance of Cultures
	18.4 Immunologic Methods
		Different Kinds of Antigen-Antibody Interactions
		Complement Fixation Test
		In Vivo Testing
		General Features of Immune Testing
	18.5 Genotypic Methods
		Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): The Backbone of New Diagnostics
		Hybridization: Probing for Identity
		Whole-Genome Sequencing
		Special Case: Bloodstream Infections
	18.6 Additional Diagnostic Technologies
		Microarrays
		Lab on a Chip
		Mass Spectrometry
		Imaging
		Special Case: Bloodstream Infections
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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	Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 19 Infectious Diseases Manifesting on the Skin and Eyes
	19.1 The Skin and Its Defenses
		Normal Biota of the Skin
	Insight 19.1 MICROBIOME: C-Section Babies vs. Vaginally Delivered Babies
	19.2 Infectious Diseases Manifesting on the Skin
	19.3 The Surface of the Eye, Its Defenses, and Normal Biota
		Normal Biota of the Eye
	19.4 Infectious Diseases Manifesting in the Eye
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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	Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 20 Infectious Diseases Manifesting in the Nervous System
	20.1 The Nervous System, Its Defenses, and Normal Biota
	20.2 Infectious Diseases Manifesting in the Nervous System
	Insight 20.1 MICROBIOME: Mysterious Polio-Like Disease
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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CHAPTER 21 Infectious Diseases Manifesting in the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
	21.1 The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems, Their Defenses, and Normal Biota
		The Cardiovascular System
		The Lymphatic System
		Defenses of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
		Normal Biota of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
	21.2 Infectious Diseases Manifesting in the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
	Insight 21.1 MICROBIOME: Gut Microbiome and High Blood Pressure
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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	Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 22 Infectious Diseases Manifesting in the Respiratory System
	22.1 The Respiratory Tract, Its Defenses, and Normal Biota
	Insight 22.1 MICROBIOME: The Lungs Are Not Sterile
	22.2 Infectious Diseases Manifesting in the Upper Respiratory Tracts
	22.3 Infectious Diseases Manifesting in Both the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts
	22.4 Infectious Diseases Manifesting in the Lower Respiratory Tract
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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CHAPTER 23 Infectious Diseases Manifesting in the Gastrointestinal Tract
	23.1 The Gastrointestinal Tract, Its Defenses, and Normal Biota
	Insight 23.1 MICROBIOME: Crohn\'s Disease and the Gut Microbiome
	23.2 Infectious Diseases Manifesting in the Gastrointestinal Tract ( Nonhelminthic)
	23.3 Helminthic Diseases Manifesting in the Gastrointestinal Tract
		General Clinical Considerations
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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CHAPTER 24 Infectious Diseases Manifesting in the Genitourinary System
	24.1 The Genitourinary Tract, Its Defenses, and Normal Biota
		Normal Biota of the Genitourinary Tract
	Insight 24.1 MICROBIOME: Save the World with the Vaginal Microbiome
	24.2 Infectious Diseases Manifesting in the Urinary Tract
	24.3 Infectious Diseases Manifesting in the Reproductive Tract
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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	Chapter Summary
	SmartGrid: From Knowledge to Critical Thinking
	Visual Connections
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CHAPTER 25 Microbes in Our Environment and the Concept of One Health
	25.1 Microbial Ecology and Element Cycling
		Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling
		The Carbon Cycle
		The Nitrogen Cycle
	25.2 Microbes on Land and in Water
		Environmental Sampling in the Genomic Era
		Soil Microbiology
		Deep Subsurface Microbiology
		Aquatic Microbiology
	25.3 Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
		Microorganisms in Water and Wastewater Treatment
	Insight 25.1 MICROBIOME: Bioremediation
		Microorganisms Making Food and Drink
	25.4 The Concept of \"One Health\"
		How Infectious Diseases Move into New Populations, and New Species
	Media Under The Microscope Wrap-Up
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	Chapter Summary
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APPENDIX A: Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions in SmartGrid
APPENDIX B: Exponents
APPENDIX C: An Introduction to Concept Mapping
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