Microbiology: A Systems Approach, 3rd Edition

Title
Table of Contents
1 The Main Themes of Microbiology
	1.1 The Scope of Microbiology
	1.2 The Impact of Microbes on Earth: Small Organisms with a Giant Effect
		Microbial Involvement in Shaping Our Planet
	1.3 Humans Use of Microorganisms
	1.4 Infectious Diseases and the Human Condition
	1.5 The General Characteristics of Microorganisms
		Cellular Organization
		Lifestyles of Microorganisms
	1.6 The Historical Foundations of Microbiology
		The Development of the Microscope: “Seeing Is Believing”
		The Establishment of the Scientific Method
		Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
		The Development of Medical Microbiology
	1.7 Naming, Classifying, and Identifying Microorganisms
		Assigning Specific Names
		The Levels of Classification
		The Origin and Evolution of Microorganisms
		Systems of Presenting a Universal Tree of Life
	INSIGHT 1.1 The More Things Change …
	INSIGHT 1.2 The Fall of Superstition and the Rise of Microbiology
	INSIGHT 1.3 Martian Microbes and Astrobiology
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
2 The Chemistry of Biology
	2.1 Atoms, Bonds, and Molecules: Fundamental Building Blocks
		Different Types of Atoms: Elements and Their Properties
	The Major Elements of Life and Their Primary Characteristics
		Bonds and Molecules
		2.2 Macromolecules: Superstructures of Life
			Carbohydrates: Sugars and Polysaccharides
			Lipids: Fats, Phospholipids, and Waxes
			Proteins: Shapers of Life
			The Nucleic Acids: A Cell Computer and Its Programs
		2.3 Cells: Where Chemicals Come to Life
			Fundamental Characteristics of Cells
	INSIGHT 2.1 The Periodic Table: Not as Concrete as You Think
	INSIGHT 2.2 Redox: Electron Transfer and Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
	INSIGHT 2.3 Membranes: Cellular Skins
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
3 Tools of the Laboratory: The Methods for Studying Microorganisms
	3.1 Methods of Culturing Microorganisms—The Five I’s Inoculation: Producing a Culture
		Isolation: Separating One Species from Another
		Media: Providing Nutrients in the Laboratory
		Back to the Five I’s: Incubation, Inspection, and Identification
	3.2 The Microscope: Window on an Invisible Realm
		Microbial Dimensions: How Small Is Small?
		Magnification and Microscope Design
		Variations on the Light Microscope
		Preparing Specimens for Optical Microscopes
	INSIGHT 3.1 Animal Inoculation: “Living Media”
	INSIGHT 3.2 The Evolution in Resolution: Probing Microscopes
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
4 Prokaryotic Profiles: The Bacteria and Archaea
	4.1 Prokaryotic Form and Function
		The Structure of a Generalized Bacterial Cell
	4.2 External Structures
		Appendages: Cell Extensions
	4.3 The Cell Envelope: The Boundary Layer of Bacteria
		Differences in Cell Envelope Structure
		Structure of the Cell Wall
		Mycoplasmas and Other Cell-Wall-Deficient Bacteria
		The Gram-Negative Outer Membrane
		Cell Membrane Structure
		Functions of the Cell Membrane
	4.4 Bacterial Internal Structure
		Contents of the Cell Cytoplasm
		Bacterial Endospores: An Extremely Resistant Stage
	4.5 Prokaryotic Shapes, Arrangements, and Sizes
	4.6 Classification Systems in the Prokaryotae
		Taxonomic Scheme
		Diagnostic Scheme
		Species and Subspecies in Prokaryotes
	4.7 The Archaea
		Archaea: The Other Prokaryotes
	INSIGHT 4.1 Biofilms—The Glue of Life
	INSIGHT 4.2 The Gram Stain: A Grand Stain
	INSIGHT 4.3 Redefining Prokaryotic Size
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
5 Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms
	5.1 The History of Eukaryotes
	5.2 Form and Function of the Eukaryotic Cell: External Structures
		Locomotor Appendages: Cilia and Flagella
		The Glycocalyx
		Form and Function of the Eukaryotic Cell: Boundary Structures
	5.3 Form and Function of the Eukaryotic Cell: Internal Structures
		The Nucleus: The Control Center
		Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Passageway in the Cell
		Golgi Apparatus: A Packaging Machine
		Mitrochondria: Energy Generators of the Cell
	Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis Machines
		Ribosomes: Protein Synthesizers
			The Cytoskeleton: A Support Network
			Survey of Eukaryotic Microorganisms
		5.4 The Kingdom of the Fungi
			Fungal Nutrition
			Organization of Microscopic Fungi
			Reproductive Strategies and Spore Formation
			Fungal Identification and Cultivation
			The Roles of Fungi in Nature and Industry
		5.5 The Protists
			The Algae: Photosynthetic Protists
			Biology of the Protozoa
		5.6 The Parasitic Helminths
			General Worm Morphology
			Life Cycles and Reproduction
			A Helminth Cycle: The Pinworm
			Helminth Classification and Identification
			Distribution and Importance of Parasitic Worms
	INSIGHT 5.1 The Extraordinary Emergence of Eukaryotic Cells
	INSIGHT 5.2 Two Faces of Fungi
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
6 An Introduction to the Viruses
	6.1 The Search for the Elusive Viruses 0
	6.2 The Position of Viruses in the Biological Spectrum
	6.3 The General Structure of Viruses
		Size Range
		Viral Components: Capsids, Nucleic Acids, and Envelopes
	6.4 How Viruses Are Classified and Named
	6.5 Modes of Viral Multiplication
		Multiplication Cycles in Animal Viruses
		Viruses That Infect Bacteria
	6.6 Techniques in Cultivating and Identifying Animal Viruses
		Using Live Animal Inoculation
		Using Bird Embryos
		Using Cell (Tissue) Culture Techniques
	6.7 Medical Importance of Viruses
	6.8 Other Noncellular Infectious Agents
	6.9 Treatment of Animal Viral Infections
	INSIGHT 6.1 A Positive View of Viruses
	INSIGHT 6.2 Artificial Viruses Created!
	INSIGHT 6.3 A Vaccine for Obesity?
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
7 Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth
	7.1 Microbial Nutrition
		Chemical Analysis of Microbial Cytoplasm
		Sources of Essential Nutrients
		Transport Mechanisms for Nutrient Absorption
		The Movement of Molecules: Diffusion and Transport
		The Movement of Water: Osmosis
		Endocytosis: Eating and Drinking by Cells
	7.2 Environmental Factors That Influence Microbes
		Temperature Adaptations
		Gas Requirements
		Effects of pH
		Osmotic Pressure
		Miscellaneous Environmental Factors
		Ecological Associations Among Microorganisms
		Interrelationships Between Microbes and Humans
	7.3 The Study of Microbial Growth
		The Basis of Population Growth: Binary Fission
		The Rate of Population Growth
		The Population Growth Curve
		Stages in the Normal Growth Curve
		Other Methods of Analyzing Population Growth
	INSIGHT 7.1 Life in the Extremes
	INSIGHT 7.2 Cashing In on “Hot” Microbes
	INSIGHT 7.3 Life Together: Mutualism
	INSIGHT 7.4 Steps in a Viable Plate Count—Batch Culture Method
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
8 Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life
	8.1 The Metabolism of Microbes
		Enzymes: Catalyzing the Chemical Reactions of Life
		Regulation of Enzymatic Activity and Metabolic Pathways
	8.2 The Pursuit and Utilization of Energy
		Energy in Cells
		A Closer Look at Biological Oxidation and Reduction
	Adenosine Triphosphate: Metabolic Money
		8.3 The Pathways
			Catabolism: Getting Materials and Energy
			Aerobic Respiration
			Pyruvic Acid—A Central Metabolite
			The Krebs Cycle—A Carbon and Energy Wheel
			Steps in the Krebs Cycle
			The Respiratory Chain: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
			Summary of Aerobic Respiration
			Anaerobic Respiration
			Fermentation
		8.4 Biosynthesis and the Crossing Pathways of Metabolism
			The Frugality of the Cell—Waste Not, Want Not
			Anabolism: Formation of Macromolecules
			Assembly of the Cell
		8.5 It All Starts with Light
	INSIGHT 8.1 Enzymes as Biochemical Levers
	INSIGHT 8.2 Unconventional Enzymes
	INSIGHT 8.3 The Enzyme Name Game
	INSIGHT 8.4 Pasteur and the Wine-to-Vinegar Connection
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
9 Microbial Genetics
	9.1 Introduction to Genetics and Genes: Unlocking the Secrets of Heredity
		The Nature of the Genetic Material
		The DNA Code: A Simple Yet Profound Message
		The Significance of DNA Structure
		DNA Replication: Preserving the Code and Passing It On
	9.2 Applications of the DNA Code: Transcription and Translation
		The Gene-Protein Connection
		The Major Participants in Transcription and Translation
		Transcription: The First Stage of Gene Expression
		Translation: The Second State of Gene Expression
		Eukaryotic Transcription and Translation: Similar Yet Different
		Alternative Splicing and RNA Editing
		The Genetics of Animal Viruses
	9.3 Genetic Regulation of Protein Synthesis
		The Lactose Operon: A Model for Inducible Gene Regulation in Bacteria
		A Repressible Operon
		Phase Variation
	Antibiotics That Affect Transcription and Translation
		9.4 Mutations: Changes in the Genetic Code
			Causes of Mutations
			Categories of Mutations
			Repair of Mutations
			The Ames Test
			Positive and Negative Effects of Mutations
		9.5 DNA Recombination Events
			Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bacteria
			Pathogenicity Island: Special “Gifts” of Horizontal Gene Transfer?
	INSIGHT 9.1 Deciphering the Structure of DNA
	INSIGHT 9.2 Small RNAs: An Old Dog Shows Off Some New(?) Tricks
	INSIGHT 9.3 Salmonella in Space
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
10 Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA
	10.1 Basic Elements and Applications of Genetic Engineering
	10.2 Tools and Techniques of Genetic Engineering
		DNA: The Raw Material
			Enzymes for Dicing, Splicing, and Reversing Nucleic Acids
			Analysis of DNA
	10.3 Methods in Recombinant DNA Technology: How to Imitate Nature
		Technical Aspects of Recombinant DNA and Gene Cloning
			Construction of a Recombinant, Insertion into a Cloning Host, and Genetic Expression
	10.4 Biochemical Products of Recombinant DNA Technology
	10.5 Genetically Modified Organisms
		Recombinant Microbes: Modified Bacteria and Viruses
			Transgenic Plants: Improving Crops and Foods
			Transgenic Animals: Engineering Embryos
			Synthetic Biology
	10.6 Genetic Treatments: Introducing DNA into the Body
		Gene Therapy
			DNA Technology as Genetic Medicine
	10.7 Genome Analysis: Maps and Profiles
		Genome Mapping and Screening: An Atlas of the Genome
			DNA Profiles: A Unique Picture of a Genome
	INSIGHT 10.1 OK, the Genome’s Sequenced—What’s Next?
	INSIGHT 10.2 A Moment to Think
	INSIGHT 10.3 DIYBio: Citizen Scientists
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
11 Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes
	11.1 Controlling Microorganisms
		General Considerations in Microbial Control
		Relative Resistance of Microbial Forms
		Terminology and Methods of Microbial Control
		What is Microbial Death?
		How Antimicrobial Agents Work: Their Modes of Action
	11.2 Methods of Physical Control
		Heat as an Agent of Microbial Control
		The Effects of Cold and Desiccation
		Radiation as a Microbial Control Agent
		Decontamination by Filtration: Techniques for Removing Microbes
		Osmotic Pressure
	11.3 Chemical Agents in Microbial Control
		Choosing a Microbial Chemical
		Factors That Affect the Germicidal Activity of Chemicals
		Germicidal Categories According to Chemical Group
	INSIGHT 11.1 Microbial Control in Ancient Times
	INSIGHT 11.2 Decontaminating Congress
	INSIGHT 11.3 Pathogen Paranoia: “The Only Good Microbe Is a Dead Microbe”
	INSIGHT 11.4 The Quest for Sterile Skin
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
12 Drugs, Microbes, Host—The Elements of Chemotherapy
	12.1 Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
		The Origins of Antimicrobial Drugs
	12.2 Interactions Between Drug and Microbe
		Mechanisms of Drug Action
	12.3 Survey of Major Antimicrobial Drug Groups
	Antibacterial Drugs Targeting the Cell Wall
		Antibacterial Drugs Targeting Protein Synthesis
		Antibacterial Drugs Targeting Folic Acid Synthesis
		Antibacterial Drugs Targeting DNA or RNA
		Antibacterial Drugs Targeting Cell Membranes
		Antibiotics and Biofilms
		Agents to Treat Fungal Infections
		Antiparasitic Chemotherapy
		Antiviral Chemotherapeutic Agents
		New Approaches to Antimicrobial Therapy
		Helping Nature Along
	12.4 Interaction Between Drug and Host
		Toxicity to Organs
		Allergic Responses to Drugs
		Suppression and Alteration of the Microbiota by Antimicrobials
	12.5 Consideration in Selecting an Antimicrobial Drug
		Identifying the Agent
		Testing for the Drug Susceptibility of Microorganisms
		The MIC and Therapeutic Index
		An Antimicrobial Drug Dilemma
	INSIGHT 12.1 From Witchcraft to Wonder Drugs
	INSIGHT 12.2 A Quest for Designer Drugs
	INSIGHT 12.3 The Rise of Drug Resistance
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
13 Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and Disease
	13.1 The Human Host
		Contact, Infection, Disease—A Continuum
		Resident Biota: The Human as a Habitat
		Indigenous Biota of Specific Regions
	13.2 The Progress of an Infection
		Becoming Established: Step One—Portals of Entry
		The Size of the Inoculum
		Becoming Established: Step Two—Attaching to the Host
		Becoming Established: Step Three—Surviving Host Defenses
		Causing Disease
		The Process of Infection and Disease
		Signs and Symptoms: Warning Signals of Disease
		The Portal of Exit: Vacating the Host
		The Persistence of Microbes and Pathologic Conditions
		Reservoirs: Where Pathogens Persist
		The Acquisition and Transmission of Infectious Agents
	Nosocomial Infections: The Hospital as a Source of Disease
		Universal Blood and Body Fluid Precautions
		Which Agent Is the Cause? Using Koch’s Postulates to Determine Etiology
	13.3 Epidemiology: The Study of Disease in Populations
		Who, When, and Where? Tracking Disease in the Population
	INSIGHT 13.1 Life Without Microbiota
	INSIGHT 13.2 Laboratory Biosafety Levels and Classes of Pathogens
	INSIGHT 13.3 The Classic Stages of Clinical Infections
	INSIGHT 13.4 Koch’s Postulates Still Critical
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
14 Host Defenses I: Overview and Nonspecific Defenses
	14.1 Defense Mechanisms of the Host in Perspective
		Barriers: A First Line of Defense
	14.2 The Second and Third Lines of Defense: An Overview
	14.3 Systems Involved in Immune Defenses
		The Communicating Body Compartments
	14.4 The Second Line of Defense
		The Inflammatory Response: A Complex Concert of Reactions to Injury
		The Stages of Inflammation
		Phagocytosis: Cornerstone of Inflammation and Specific Immunity
		Fever: An Adjunct to Inflammation
		Antimicrobial Proteins: 1) Interferon
		Antimicrobial Proteins: 2) Complement
		Overall Stages in the Complement Cascade
		Antimicrobial Proteins: 3) Iron-Binding Proteins and 4) Antimicrobial Peptides
	INSIGHT 14.1 When Inflammation Gets Out of Hand
	INSIGHT 14.2 The Dynamics of Inflammatory Mediators
	INSIGHT 14.3 Some Facts About Fever
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
15 Host Defenses II: Specific Immunity and Immunization
	15.1 Specific Immunity: The Third and Final Line of Defense
		Development of the Dual Lymphocyte System
		Entrance and Presentation of Antigens and Clonal Selection
		Activation of Lymphocytes and Clonal Expansion
		Products of B Lymphocytes: Antibody Structure and Functions
	15.2 Step I: Lymphocyte Development
		Markers on Cell Surfaces Involved In Recognition of Self and Nonself
		The Development of Lymphocyte Diversity
		The Origin of Immunological Diversity
		Clonal Selection
	15.3 Step II: Presentation of Antigens
		Entrance and Processing of Antigens
		Cooperation in Immune Reactions to Antigens
		The Role of Antigen Processing and Presentation
		Presentation of Antigen to the Lymphocytes and Its Early Consequences
	15.4 Steps III and IV: B-Cell Response
		Activation of B Lymphocytes: Clonal Expansion and Antibody Production
		Product of B Lymphocytes: Antibody Structure and Functions
	15.5 Step III and IV: T-Cell Response
		Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)
	15.6 Specific Immunity and Vaccination
		Natural Active Immunity: Getting the Infection
		Natural Passive Immunity: Mother to Child
		Artificial Active Immunization: Vaccination
		Artificial Passive Immunization: Immunotherapy
		Immunization: Methods of Manipulating Immunity for Therapeutic Purposes
		Development of New Vaccines
		Route of Administration and Side Effects of Vaccines
		To Vaccinate: Why, Whom, and When?
	INSIGHT 15.1 Monoclonal Antibodies: Variety Without Limit
	INSIGHT 15.2 The Lively History of Active Immunization
	INSIGHT 15.3 Manipulating the Immune System to Fight Lots of Things Besides Infections
	INSIGHT 15.4 Where the Anti-Vaxxers Get It Wrong
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
16 Disorders in Immunity
	16.1 The Immune Response: A Two-Sided Coin
	16.2 Type I Allergic Reactions: Atopy and Anaphylaxis
		Allergy/Hypersensitivity
		Epidemiology and Modes of Contact with Allergens
		The Nature of Allergens and Their Portals of Entry
		Mechanisms of Type I Allergy: Sensitization and Provocation
		Cytokines, Target Organs, and Allergic Symptoms
		Specific Diseases Associated with IgE- and Mast-Cell- Mediated Allergy
		Anaphylaxis: An Overpowering Systemic Reaction
		Diagnosis of Allergy
		Treatment and Prevention of Allergy
	16.3 Type II Hypersensitivities: Reactions That Lyse Foreign Cells
		The Basis of Human ABO Antigens and Blood Types
		Antibodies Against A and B Antigens
		The Rh Factor and Its Clinical Importance
		Other RBC Antigens
		Mechanisms of Immune Complex Disease
	16.4 Type III Hypersensitivities: Immune Complex Reactions
		Types of Immune Complex Disease
	16.5 Type IV Hypersensitivities: Cell-Mediated (Delayed) Reactions
		Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity
		Contact Dermatitis
		T Cells and Their Role in Organ Transplantation
	16.6 An Inappropriate Response Against Self: Autoimmunity
		Genetic and Gender Correlation in Autoimmune Disease
		The Origins of Autoimmune Disease
		Examples of Autoimmune Disease
	16.7 Immunodeficiency Diseases: Hyposensitivity of the Immune System
		Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
		Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases
	INSIGHT 16.1 Of What Value Is Allergy?
	INSIGHT 16.2 Why Doesn’t a Mother Reject Her Fetus?
	INSIGHT 16.3 Pretty, Pesky, Poisonous Plants
	INSIGHT 16.4 The Mechanics of Bone Marrow Transplantation
	INSIGHT 6.5 An Answer to the Bubble Boy Mystery
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
17 Diagnosing Infections
	17.1 Preparation for the Survey of Microbial Diseases
		Phenotypic Methods
		Genotypic Methods
		Immunologic Methods
	17.2 On the Track of the infectious Agent: Specimen Collection
		Overview of Laboratory Techniques
	17.3 Phenotypic Methods
		Immediate Direct Examination of Specimen
			Cultivation of Specimen
	17.4 Genotypic Methods
		DNA Analysis Using Genetic Probes
			Nucleic Acid Sequencing and rRNA Analysis
			Polymerase Chain Reaction
	17.5 Immunologic Methods
		General Features of Immune Testing
			Agglutination and Precipitation Reactions
			The Western Blot for Detecting Proteins
			Complement Fixation
			Miscellaneous Serological Tests
			Fluorescent Antibodies and Immunofluorescence Testing
			Immunoassays
			In Vivo Testing
			A Viral Example
	INSIGHT 17.1 The Uncultured
	INSIGHT 17.2 When Positive Is Negative: How to Interpret Serological Test Results
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
18 Infectious Disease Affecting the Skin and Eyes
	18.1 The Skin and Its Defenses
	18.2 Normal Biota of the Skin
	18.3 Skin Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
		Acne
			Impetigo
			Cellulitis
			Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
			Gas Gangrene
			Vesicular or Pustular Rash Diseases
			Maculopapular Rash Diseases
	Wartlike Eruptions
		Large Pustular Skin Lesions
		Ringworm (Cutaneous Mycoses)
		Superficial Mycoses
	18.4 The Surface of the Eye and Its Defenses
	18.5 Normal Biota of the Eye
	18.6 Eye Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
		Conjunctivitis
		Trachoma
		Keratitis
		River Blindness
	INSIGHT 18.1 The Skin Predators: Staphylococcus and Streptococcus and Their Superantigens
	INSIGHT 18.2 Smallpox: An Ancient Scourge Becomes a Modern Threat
	INSIGHT 18.3 Naming Skin Lesions
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
19 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Nervous System
	19.1 The Nervous System and Its Defenses
	19.2 Normal Biota of the Nervous System
	19.3 Nervous System Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
		Meningitis
		Neonatal Meningitis
		Meningoencephalitis
		Acute Encephalitis
		Subacute Encephalitis
		Rabies
		Poliomyelitis
		Tetanus
		Botulism
		African Sleeping Sickness
	INSIGHT 19.1 Baby Food and Meningitis
	INSIGHT 19.2 A Long Way from Egypt: West Nile Virus in the United States
	INSIGHT 19.3 Toxoplasmosis Leads to More Car Accidents?
	INSIGHT 19.4 Polio
	INSIGHT 19.5 Botox: Anti-Wrinkles, Anti-Cancer.
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
20 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
	20.1 The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems and Their Defenses
		The Cardiovascular System
		The Lymphatic System
		Defenses of the Cardiovascular of Lymphatic Systems
	20.2 Normal Biota of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
	20.3 Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
		Endocarditis
		Septicemias
		Plague
		Tularemia
		Lyme Disease
		Infectious Mononucleosis
		Hemorrhagic Fever Diseases
		Nonhemorrhagic Fever Diseases
		Malaria
		Anthrax
		HIV Infection and AIDS
		Adult T-Cell Leukemia
	Floss For Your Heart?
	INSIGHT 20.2 The Arthropod Vectors of Infectious Disease
	INSIGHT 20.3 Fewer Mosquitoes—Not So Fast
	INSIGHT 20.4 AIDS-Defining Illnesses (ADIs)
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
21 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System
	21.1 The Respiratory Tract and Its Defenses
	21.2 Normal Biota of the Respiratory Tract
	21.3 Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
		Sinusitis
		Acute Otitis Media (Ear Infection)
		Pharyngitis
		Diphtheria
	21.4 Diseases Caused by Microorganisms Affecting Both the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts
		Whooping Cough
		Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
		Influenza
	21.5 Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
		Tuberculosis
		Pneumonia
	INSIGHT 21.1 Flus Over the Years
	INSIGHT 21.2 Fungal Lung Diseases
	INSIGHT 12.3 Bioterror in the Lungs
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and
	Comprehension Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
22 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Gastrointestinal Tract
	22.1 The Gastrointestinal Tract and Its Defenses
	22.2 Normal Biota of the Gastrointestinal Tract
	22.3 Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms (Nonhelminthic)
		Tooth and Gum Infections
		Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)
		Periodontal Diseases
		Mumps
		Gastritis and Gastric Ulcers
		Acute Diarrhea
		Acute Diarrhea with Vomiting (Food Poisoning)
		Chronic Diarrhea
		Hepatitis
	22.4 Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases Caused by Helminths
		General Clinical Considerations
		Disease: Intestinal Distress as the Primary Symptom
		Disease: Intestinal Distress Accompanied by Migratory Symptoms
		Liver and Intestinal Disease
		Disease: Muscle and Neurological Symptoms
		Liver Disease
	INSIGHT 22.1 Crohn’s Is an Infection That We Get from Cows?
	INSIGHT 22.2 A Little Water, Some Sugar, and Salt Save Millions of Lives
	INSIGHT 22.3 Microbes Have Fingerprints, Too
	INSIGHT 22.4 Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Worms?
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
23 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Genitourinary System
	23.1 The Genitourinary Tract and Its Defenses
	23.2 Normal Biota of the Urinary Tract
		Normal Biota of the Male Genital Tract
		Normal Biota of the Female Genital Tract
	23.3 Urinary Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
		Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
		Leptospirosis
		Urinary Schistosomiasis
	23.4 Reproductive Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
		Vaginitis and Vaginosis
		Prostatitis
		Discharge Diseases with Major Manifestation in the Genitourinary Tract
		Genital Ulcer Diseases
		Wart Diseases
		Group B Streptococcus “Colonization”—Neonatal Disease
	INSIGHT 23.1 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Infertility
	INSIGHT 23.2 The Pap Smear
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
24 Environmental Microbiology
	24.1 Ecology: The Interconnecting Web of Life
		The Organization of Ecosystems
		Energy and Nutritional Flow in Ecosystems
	24.2 The Natural Recycling of Bioelements
		Atmospheric Cycles
		The Sedimentary Cycles
	24.3 Microbes on Land and in Water
		Environmental Sampling in the Genomic Era
		Soil Microbiology: The Composition of the Lithosphere
		Deep Subsurface Microbiology
		Aquatic Microbiology
	INSIGHT 24.1 Greenhouse Gases, Fossil Fuels, Cows, Termites, and Global Warming
	INSIGHT 24.2 Cute Killer Whale—Or Swimming Waste Dump?
	INSIGHT 24.3 It’s Raining Bacteria
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
25 Applied Microbiology and Food and Water Safety
	25.1 Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
	25.2 Microorganisms in Water and Wastewater Treatment
		Water Monitoring to Prevent Disease
	25.3 Microorganisms Making Food and Spoiling Food
		Microbial Fermentations in Food Products from Plants
		Microbes in Milk and Dairy Products
		Microorganisms as Food
		Microbial Involvement in Food-Borne Diseases
		Prevention Measures for Food Poisoning and Spoilage
	25.4 Using Microbes to Make Things We Need
		From Microbial Factories to industrial Factories
		Substance Production
	INSIGHT 25.1 Bioremediation: The Pollution Solution?
	INSIGHT 25.2 The Waning Days of a Classic Test?
	INSIGHT 25.3 Wood or Plastic: On the Cutting Edge of Cutting Boards
	INSIGHT 25.4 Microbes Degrade—and Repair—Ancient Works of Art
	Chapter Summary
	Multiple-Choice and True-False Knowledge and Comprehension
	Critical Thinking Questions Application and Analysis
	Concept Mapping Synthesis
	Visual Connections Synthesis
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Glossary
Credit
Index