Microbial Symbionts and Plant Health: Trends and Applications for Changing Climate

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Chapter 1: Global Climate Perturbations: Sustainable Microbial Mitigation Strategies
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Global Climate Change and Consequences
	1.3 Current Global Climate Scenario and Status
	1.4 Spatial and Temporal Changes in the Soil Microflora as Affected by Global Climate Change
		1.4.1 Elevated CO2
		1.4.2 Drought
		1.4.3 Permafrost Thaw and Soil Microbiome
		1.4.4 Effect of Temperature on Soil Microbiome
	1.5 Effect of Climate Change on Plant-Microbe Interaction
		1.5.1 Influence on Inter-Kingdom Interactions or Trophic-Level Interactions
	1.6 Microbiome Dynamics
	1.7 Metabolic Modulation in the Microbiome
		1.7.1 Increased Temperatures
			1.7.1.1 Incidence of Plant Diseases
			1.7.1.2 Pathogen Overwintering
	1.8 Microbial Strategies to Mitigate the Global Climate Change
	1.9 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2: Soil Microflora and Their Interaction with Plants Under Changing Climatic Scenarios
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Soil Microflora and Their Distribution
		2.2.1 Groups of Soil Microflora, Their Characteristics, and Distribution
		2.2.2 Factors Affecting the Soil Microflora Distribution
			2.2.2.1 Soil Moisture
			2.2.2.2 Soil Reaction or Soil pH
			2.2.2.3 Soil Organic Matter
			2.2.2.4 Types of Vegetation
			2.2.2.5 Spatial and Seasonal Variation
	2.3 Impact of Climate Change on Plant Microbial Interaction
		2.3.1 Elevated CO2 Impacts on Soil Microbes
		2.3.2 Influence of Soil Moisture Variation on Soil Microbes
		2.3.3 Influence of Temperature Variation
	2.4 Climate Change Alters Plant and Microbial Distribution
		2.4.1 Climate Change Vis-a-Vis Plant Distribution
		2.4.2 Climate Change Vis-à-Vis Microbial Distribution
	2.5 Micro-Microbe Interaction
		2.5.1 Symbiotic Interaction
		2.5.2 Protocooperation Interaction
		2.5.3 Commensalism Interaction
		2.5.4 Amensalism Interaction
		2.5.5 Competition, Parasitism, and Predation
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Beneficial Microbial Consortia and Their Role in Sustainable Agriculture Under Climate Change Conditions
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Players in Rhizosphere Function: The Rhizosphere Microbiome
	3.3 The Microbial Consortia/Microbiome
	3.4 Microbial Consortia and Their Diverse Roles
	3.5 Microbial Consortia and Rhizospheric Interactions
	3.6 Microbial Consortia-Interaction-Establishment and Responses
	3.7 Microbial Consortia and Overcoming the Host Immune Barrier
	3.8 Microbial Consortia and Abiotic Rhizospheric Factors
	3.9 Microbial Consortia and Diverse Mechanisms for Tolerance Against Climate Change
	3.10 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 4: Unfolding the Role of Beneficial Microbes and Microbial Techniques on Improvement of Sustainable Agriculture Under ...
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
		4.2.1 Nitrogen Fixation
		4.2.2 Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria
		4.2.3 Plant Growth-Promoting Mycorrhizal Bacteria
	4.3 Effect of Climate Change on Agriculture
		4.3.1 Drought
		4.3.2 Heat Stress
		4.3.3 Cold Stress
		4.3.4 Soil Properties
			4.3.4.1 Soil Salinity and Acidity Stress
			4.3.4.2 Over Usage of Chemical Fertilizers Causes Loss of Soil Fertility Resulting in Crop Yield Loss
	4.4 Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms (PGPMs)
		4.4.1 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
		4.4.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Fungus (PGPF)
		4.4.3 Plant Growth-Promoting Endophytes (PGPE)
	4.5 Formulation of Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms (PGPMs)
		4.5.1 Ingredients Used in the Formulation
		4.5.2 Types of Formulation
			4.5.2.1 Liquid-Based Formulation
			4.5.2.2 Talc-Based Formulation
			4.5.2.3 Sawdust-Based Formulation
			4.5.2.4 Fly Ash-Based Formulation
			4.5.2.5 Encapsulation-Based Formulation
			4.5.2.6 Peat-Based Formulation
	4.6 Survival of PGPMs in Formulation
	4.7 Interaction of Beneficial Microbes with Crops
		4.7.1 Endophytic Microbiomes
			4.7.1.1 Applications
			4.7.1.2 Mechanism
		4.7.2 Phyllospheric Microbiome
			4.7.2.1 Mechanism
		4.7.3 Rhizospheric Microbiome
			4.7.3.1 Mechanism
	4.8 Microbial Tools
	4.9 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Microbes and Their Role in Alleviation of Abiotic and Biotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Types of Stress
		5.2.1 Biotic Stress and Crop Plants
		5.2.2 Abiotic Stress and Crop Plants
			5.2.2.1 Cold
			5.2.2.2 Salt/Salinity
			5.2.2.3 Drought
			5.2.2.4 Heat or Temperature
			5.2.2.5 Toxin
	5.3 Role of Microbes in Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants
	5.4 Soil Microorganisms and their Role in Abiotic Stress Management
	5.5 Microbes as Stress-Alleviating Agents under Various Stress Situation
		5.5.1 Drought Stress
		5.5.2 High/Low Temperature Stress
		5.5.3 Soil/Salinity
		5.5.4 Heavy Metals
		5.5.5 Nutrient Deficiency-Associated Stresses
	5.6 Regulatory Mechanism in Plants in Response to Stress
		5.6.1 Plant Hormones and Transcription Factors
		5.6.2 Transcription Factors
		5.6.3 Heat Shock Proteins
		5.6.4 Receptor Proteins
		5.6.5 Epigenetic Changes
	5.7 Microbial Application in Agricultural Sustainability
		5.7.1 Microbes and Drought Stress Tolerance
		5.7.2 Microbes and Salinity Stress Tolerance
		5.7.3 Microbes and Heavy Metal Stress Tolerance
		5.7.4 Microbes and Temperature Stress Tolerance
	5.8 Microbes and Biotic Stress
	5.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Plant-Microbe Interaction and Their Role in Mitigation of Heat Stress
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Plant and Soil Microbiome Interaction
	6.3 Effect of Elevated Temperature on Plant-Microbe Interactions
	6.4 Microbes as a Stress Ameliorating Agent under Temperature Stress
		6.4.1 PGPR
		6.4.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
		6.4.3 Endophytes
	6.5 Genetic Perspectives of Plant-Microbe Interaction
	6.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects
	References
Chapter 7: Role of Soil Microbes against Abiotic Stresses Induced Oxidative Stresses in Plants
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Adverse Effects of Major Abiotic Stress on Plants
		7.2.1 Drought
		7.2.2 High Temperature
		7.2.3 Low Temperature
		7.2.4 Salt
		7.2.5 Heavy Metals
	7.3 Beneficial Microorganisms Save Plants from Abiotic Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress
		7.3.1 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria
		7.3.2 Mycorrhizal Fungi
		7.3.3 Cyanobacteria
		7.3.4 Actinomycetes
	7.4 Mechanisms of Stress Alleviation by Microbes
		7.4.1 Hormones
		7.4.2 Protective Metabolites
		7.4.3 Ion Homeostasis
		7.4.4 Nutrient Uptake Enhancement
		7.4.5 Antioxidant Mechanisms
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: An Overview of the Multifaceted Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms and Endophytes in Sustainable Agricul...
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 PGPM Vs. Endophytes
	8.3 Colonization and Rhizospheric Competence
		8.3.1 Mechanism of and Factors Controlling PGPR Colonization
		8.3.2 Mechanism of and Factors Controlling Endophytes Colonization
	8.4 Role of PGPR and Endophytes toward Plant Physiology
		8.4.1 Nutrient Assimilation
		8.4.2 Phytohormone Production
		8.4.3 Abiotic Stress Tolerance
		8.4.4 Biotic Stress Tolerance and Biocontrol
		8.4.5 Impact on Plant Transcriptome
		8.4.6 PGPR and Endophytes-Mediated Phytoremediation
		8.4.7 Biotechnological and Industrial Applications of PGPR and Endophytes
	8.5 Strategies and Applications of PGPR and Endophytes
		8.5.1 Strategies for Improving Rhizosphere Colonization
		8.5.2 Applications
		8.5.3 Applications of PGPR and Endophytes in Sustainable Agriculture under Climate Change
		8.5.4 Formulation and Commercialization of the Products
		8.5.5 Challenges
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR): An Indispensable Tool for Climate-Resilient Crop Production
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Rhizosphere and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
	9.3 PGPR-A Sustainable Approach against Climate Change
	9.4 PGPR-Mediated Plant Tolerance against Abiotic Stresses
	9.5 Broad Mechanisms of PGPR to Overcome Stress
		9.5.1 PGPR Undertakes a Couple of Strategic Mechanisms to Overcome Stress
			9.5.1.1 Production of Biologically Active Metabolites
			9.5.1.2 Production of Special Enzymes
			9.5.1.3 Production of Volatile Organic Compounds
			9.5.1.4 Production of Biofilms and Exopolysaccharides
			9.5.1.5 Production of Bacterial Secondary Metabolites
			9.5.1.6 Supply of Essential Plant Nutrients
			9.5.1.7 Changing the Redox and Acidity/Basicity Status of the System
		9.5.2 Abiotic Stresses and their Alleviation
			9.5.2.1 Drought Stress
			9.5.2.2 Salinity Stress
			9.5.2.3 Nutrient Stress
			9.5.2.4 Acidity Stress
		9.5.3 Biotic Stress Management by PGPR
			9.5.3.1 Production of Protective Enzymes
			9.5.3.2 Development of Induced Systemic Resistance
			9.5.3.3 Production of Siderophores
			9.5.3.4 Production of Antibiotics and Volatile Organic Compounds
	9.6 Challenges and Prospects
	9.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Plant-Endophyte Interactions: A Driving Phenomenon for Boosting Plant Health under Climate Change Conditions
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Host-Endophyte Interactions and Molecular Signaling: Molecular and Chemical Signals for Successful Colonization
	10.3 Endophytes and their Beneficial Plant Growth-Promoting Attributes
		10.3.1 Direct Mechanisms of Plant Growth Promotion
			10.3.1.1 Biological Fixation of the Atmospheric Nitrogen
			10.3.1.2 Phosphate Solubilization
			10.3.1.3 Production of Phytohormones
			10.3.1.4 ACC Deaminase Activity
			10.3.1.5 Production of Siderophores
		10.3.2 Indirect Mechanisms of Plant Growth Promotion
	10.4 Endophytes Modulate Host Defense Mechanisms under Biotic Stress Conditions
		10.4.1 Role of Quorum Sensing in Modulation of Host Defense Mechanisms
		10.4.2 Host Defense-Related Transcriptional Alterations Brought on by Interactions Between Plants and Microbes in Plant Cells
	10.5 Endophytes as a Tool to Combat Climate Change
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Deciphering the Role of Growth-Promoting Bacterial Endophytes in Harmonizing Plant Health
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Culture-Dependent Techniques
	11.3 Culture-Independent Techniques
	11.4 Plant Growth-Promoting Traits (PGPs)
		11.4.1 Phytohormone Regulation
		11.4.2 Antibiotic Synthesis
		11.4.3 Siderophores
		11.4.4 Phosphate Solubilization
		11.4.5 Induced Systemic Resistance
	11.5 Functional Role in Biocontrol
		11.5.1 Endophytic Bacteria in Disease Management
		11.5.2 Endophytes in Insect Pest Management
	11.6 Mechanism of Biocontrol
		11.6.1 Growth Promotion Activity
		11.6.2 Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR)
		11.6.3 Peroxidase (PO)
		11.6.4 Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO)
		11.6.5 Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL)
		11.6.6 Scavengers of Active Oxygen Species (AOS)
		11.6.7 Pathogenesis-Related Proteins (PRs)
		11.6.8 Interactions between Signaling Molecules Involved in Plant Defense
	11.7 Role of Omics in Biocontrol
		11.7.1 Metagenomics
		11.7.2 Plant-Endophyte Interactions in Genomic and Post-Genomic Era
		11.7.3 Proteomics and Metaproteomics Study
		11.7.4 Volatilomics in Plant Growth Regulation
		11.7.5 Practical Applications
	11.8 Conclusion and Future Thrusts
	References
Chapter 12: Endophytic Microbes and Their Role in Plant Health
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 History
	12.3 Methods to Detect and Identify Endophytes in Plant Tissues
	12.4 Diversity of Endophytes
	12.5 Nature of an Endophyte
	12.6 Differences Between an Endophyte and Pathogen Colonization of a Plant
	12.7 Endophyte Biodiversity
	12.8 Fungal Endophytes
	12.9 Bacterial Endophytes
	12.10 Endophytes and Plant Growth Promotion
		12.10.1 Underlying Mechanisms in Plant Growth Promotion
			12.10.1.1 Phytostimulation
			12.10.1.2 Biofertilization
			12.10.1.3 Nitrogen Fixation
			12.10.1.4 Phosphorus Solubilization
			12.10.1.5 Siderophore Production
		12.10.2 Defense Mechanism
			12.10.2.1 Direct Mechanism
				Antibiosis
				Hyper-parasitism
				Competition
			12.10.2.2 Indirect Mechanism
	12.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Multitrophic Reciprocity of AMF with Plants and Other Soil Microbes in Relation to Biotic Stress
	13.1 Paleobiology of Glomerales
	13.2 Metabolic Pathways Involved in Symbiotic Association with Plants
		13.2.1 Pre-symbiosis
		13.2.2 Symbiosis
		13.2.3 Post-symbiosis
	13.3 Interaction Between Mycorrhizae with Other Beneficial Microbes
		13.3.1 AMF with Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobium
		13.3.2 AMF with Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria (MHB)
	13.4 Increased Fitness of Plants Colonized with AMF Against Biotic Stress
		13.4.1 Effect on Plant Pathogens
			13.4.1.1 Altered Nutrient Uptake
			13.4.1.2 Competition for Niche and Photosynthates
			13.4.1.3 Alteration of Root Morphology and Physiology
			13.4.1.4 Alteration of Plant Defense
			13.4.1.5 Alteration of Rhizosphere
		13.4.2 Effects of AMF Against Herbivorous Insects
			13.4.2.1 AMF-Induced Plant Resistance Against Herbivores
			13.4.2.2 AMF-Induced Plant Tolerance Against Herbivores
		13.4.3 Effect of AMF on Plant Parasitic Nematodes
		13.4.4 Effect of AMF on Parasitic Plants
	13.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14: Effect of Temperature and Defense Response on the Severity of Dry Root Rot Disease in Chickpea Caused by Macrophom...
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Historical Backgrounds
		14.2.1 Host-Pathogen Interaction
			14.2.1.1 Systemic Acquired Resistance
			14.2.1.2 Salicylic Acid
		14.2.2 Elicitors and Their Functions
		14.2.3 Mechanism to Defense Responses
		14.2.4 Hypersensitive Responses
		14.2.5 Phytoalexin
		14.2.6 Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase
		14.2.7 Oxidative Burst
		14.2.8 Peroxidase
		14.2.9 Polyphenols
		14.2.10 Toxins of M. phaseolina
		14.2.11 Pathogenic-Related Protein
		14.2.12 Chitinase and Function in the Plant
	14.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15: Emerging Roles of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in Salt Stress Alleviation: Applications in Sustainable Agr...
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Halotolerant PGPR
	15.3 Plant Growth Promoting Traits
	15.4 Halotolerant PGPR-Mediated Salinity Stress Tolerance
	15.5 Effects of Inoculation of Halotolerant PGPR on Plants Under Salinity Stress
	15.6 Interaction of Halotolerant PGPR with the Surrounding Microbial Community
	15.7 Gene Expression Profiles in Plants Inoculated with Halotolerant PGPR
	15.8 Methods for PGPR Inoculation
	15.9 Increasing the Efficiency of Halotolerant PGPR
	15.10 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 16: Studies on Orchidoid Mycorrhizae and Mycobionts, Associated with Orchid Plants as Plant Growth Promoters and Stimu...
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Historical Background of Orchids
		16.2.1 Pre-linnaean
		16.2.2 Linnaean and Post-linnaean
	16.3 Morphology of Orchids
	16.4 Mycorrhiza: Mycorrhiza and Its Types
	16.5 Protocorms
	16.6 Orchid Fungi
		16.6.1 Phenology
		16.6.2 Entry and Colonization of Fungi in Orchids
	16.7 Role of Mycorrhiza
		16.7.1 Nutrient Transfer by Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi (OMF)
		16.7.2 Carbon Transfer
		16.7.3 Nitrogen Transfer
		16.7.4 Phosphorous Transfer
		16.7.5 Plant Growth Stimulation by OMF
		16.7.6 Phytohormone Production by OMF
		16.7.7 Role of OMF in Disease Resistance
	16.8 Micro Seeds and Strategies Adopted for Germination
	16.9 Role of Mycorrhiza Against Plant Stress
	16.10 Possibility of Mycorrhizal Fungal Diversity in Orchids and Role in Seed Germination
	16.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17: Current Status of Mycorrhizal Biofertilizer in Crop Improvement and Its Future Prospects
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Current Agroecosystem Perspective
		17.2.1 Heavy Metal Contamination
		17.2.2 Pollution by Fertilizer
		17.2.3 Nutrient Leaching and Availability
		17.2.4 Drought Stress
		17.2.5 Soil Salinity Stress
		17.2.6 Oxidative Stress
		17.2.7 Air Pollution
		17.2.8 Agricultural Practices
		17.2.9 Nanoparticle Pollution
		17.2.10 Pollution by Radioactive Material
	17.3 Current Perspective of Mycorrhizal Research
	17.4 Mitigation of Challenged Agroecosystems with AM Fungi
		17.4.1 Nutrient Uptake
		17.4.2 Water Uptake
		17.4.3 Abiotic Stress Tolerance
		17.4.4 Modulation of Plant Physiology
		17.4.5 Nutrient Recycling and Leaching
		17.4.6 Soil Health and Plant-Soil Feedback (PSF)
		17.4.7 Agricultural Costs and Pollution
		17.4.8 Mycoremediation
	17.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 18: New Developments in Techniques Like Metagenomics and Metaproteomics for Isolation, Identification, and Characteriz...
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 DNA Sequencing Methods
		18.2.1 Illumina Sequencing
		18.2.2 Pacific Biosciences SMRT
		18.2.3 Nanopore Sequencing
			18.2.3.1 Nanopore Sequencing Methodology
	18.3 MAGs: Metagenome-Assembled Genomes and Reference Databases
	18.4 Metaproteomics
		18.4.1 Mass Spectrometry
		18.4.2 Metaproteome Bioinformatics
	18.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19: Mushroom Metagenome: Tool to Unravel Interaction Network of Plant, Mycorrhiza, and Bacteria
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Mushroom Taxonomy and Ecology
	19.3 Mushroom Biology and Their Potential Roles for Sustainable Agriculture
	19.4 Cataloguing Rhizospheric Bacterial Consortium in the Active Zone of the Mushroom
		19.4.1 Bacterial Population in the Gleba, Peridium, and Fruit Bodies of the Mushroom
	19.5 Mushroom Metagenomics Cloud-Based Pipeline
		19.5.1 Community Profiling by Alpha Diversity: A Measure of Within-Sample
		19.5.2 Community Profiling by Beta Diversity: A Measure of Similarity Between Samples
	19.6 Microbial Ecology and Roles of Bacteria as Ecosystem Engineer
		19.6.1 Insights into Bacterial Ecology
		19.6.2 Bacteria as Ecosystem Engineer
	19.7 Functional Annotation of Mushroom Rhizospheric Bacteria Consortium
		19.7.1 KEGG Metabolism, Pathway, and Module
		19.7.2 Cluster of Orthologous Groups of Protein
	19.8 Cross Talk and Fungi-Bacteria Interaction
	19.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 20: Extremophile Bacterial and Archaebacterial Population: Metagenomics and Novel Enzyme Reserve
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Bacteria and Archaea in Extreme Environments
		20.2.1 Bacteria and Archaea of Saline to Hypersaline Environment
		20.2.2 Thermophilic Bacterial Diversity and Enzymatic Potential
		20.2.3 Psychrophilic Bacterial Diversity and Enzymatic Potential
		20.2.4 Polyextremophiles and Other Realms of Extreme Conditions
	20.3 Enzymatic Potential of Extremophiles
	20.4 Metagenomics of Extremophiles
	20.5 Limitations of Metagenomics
	20.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 21: Microbial Nanotechnology: A Biocompatible Technology for Sustainable and Green Agriculture Practice
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials by Microorganism
	21.3 Microorganism-Assisted Nanomaterials in Plant Growth
		21.3.1 Amplification of Adhesion of Beneficial Bacteria by Nanoparticle
		21.3.2 Advantages of Nanosilica over Sodium Silicate as Fertilizer
		21.3.3 Uses of Nano-hydroxyapatite to Increase Soil Quality Along with Microbial Growth
	21.4 Toxic Metal Removal by Microbial Nanotechnology
		21.4.1 Metal-Removing Microbes
		21.4.2 Conversion to Nanostructure of Toxic Metal by Microbes
	21.5 Environmental Issues and Optimal Use of Nanoparticles in Microbial Nanotechnology
	21.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 22: Bacteriophage-Assisted Diagnostics and Management of Plant Diseases
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Historical Background
	22.3 Types of Bacteriophages
	22.4 Role of Bacteriophages in Plant Disease Diagnostics
		22.4.1 Phage Typing
		22.4.2 Reporter Phages
		22.4.3 Phage Progeny-Based Detection
	22.5 Successful Detection and Diagnosis of Plant Diseases Using Bacteriophages
		22.5.1 Fire Blight (Erwinia amylovora)
		22.5.2 Bacterial Blight of Crucifers (Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis)
		22.5.3 Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum)
	22.6 Advantages of Bacteriophage-Mediated Diagnostics
	22.7 Disadvantages of Bacteriophage-Mediated Diagnostics
	22.8 Role of Bacteriophages in Plant Disease Management
		22.8.1 Xanthomonas
		22.8.2 Ralstonia solanacearum
		22.8.3 Dickeya and Pectobacterium
		22.8.4 Xylella fastidiosa
		22.8.5 Erwinia amylovora
		22.8.6 Pseudomonas Phages
	22.9 Advantages of Using Bacteriophage Over Other Biocontrol Agents
	22.10 Disadvantages of Using Bacteriophage Over Other Biocontrol Agents
	22.11 Conclusion
	References