Microbial Enzymes and Biotechniques: Interdisciplinary Perspectives

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Editor and Contributors
	About the Editor
	Contributors
1: Thermostable Nucleotide-Sugar Synthesizing Enzymes: Opportunity and Future Applications in Therapeutic Antibody and Peptide...
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Importance of Polysaccharide in Medical Field
	1.3 Nucleotide-Sugar Molecule for Construction of Polymer Structure and Other Modifications
	1.4 Nucleotide-Sugar Construction Enzymes
	1.5 Engineering Archaeal Enzymes to Enhance Activities for Sugar Metabolism
	1.6 How to Use Stable Enzymes for Supplying Nucleotide-Sugar Substrates, Contributing to Personalized Therapy
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
2: The Next-Generation of Microalgae-Based Products
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 A Brief Overview of the Current Marketed Microalgae Based-Products
	2.3 Technological Processes for Manufacturing Microalgae-Based Products
	2.4 Microalgae-Based Products in Advanced Development
		2.4.1 Single-Cell Protein
		2.4.2 Recombinant Proteins
		2.4.3 Phycoerythrin
		2.4.4 Fucoxanthin
		2.4.5 Lutein
		2.4.6 Beta-Glucans
		2.4.7 Exopolysaccharides
		2.4.8 Arachidonic Acid
	2.5 Microalgae-Based Products in Early Development
	2.6 Conclusion and Way Forward
	References
3: Advanced Techniques for Enzymatic and Chemical Bleaching for Pulp and Paper Industries
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Pulping and Deinking of Waste Papers
	3.3 Techniques Used for Enzymatic and Chemical Bleaching
		3.3.1 Enzymatic Treatments for Pulp Bleaching
		3.3.2 Bleaching/Delignification of Pulp with Chemicals
	3.4 Future Perspective and Challenges
	3.5 Conclusion
	References
4: Commercial Bioinoculant Development: Techniques and Challenges
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Techniques of Bioinoculants Development
		4.2.1 Liquid Bioinoculant Development Technique
		4.2.2 Inoculants Development by Using Solid Carrier
		4.2.3 Polymeric Bioinoculant Formulations
		4.2.4 Encapsulation Technologies
			4.2.4.1 Spray Drying
			4.2.4.2 Alginate Dissolving Technique
			4.2.4.3 Phase Separation or Coacervation
			4.2.4.4 Evaporation/Solvent Extraction
	4.3 Conclusion and Challenges
	References
5: Protein Nanostructures with Purpose-Designed Properties in Biotechnology and Medicine
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Types and Principles of Protein Assemblies
	5.3 Protein Nanostructures in Biotechnology and Medicine
		5.3.1 Biotechnology
		5.3.2 Biomedicine
	5.4 Conclusion
	References
6: Biosynthetic Pathways in Microalgae Towards Production of Biopigments: Progress and Advances
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Carotenoids
		6.2.1 β-carotene
		6.2.2 Astaxanthin
		6.2.3 Lutein
	6.3 Phycobiliproteins
		6.3.1 Phycocyanin
		6.3.2 Phycoerythrin
	6.4 Advances in the Production of Biopigments from Microalgae
		6.4.1 Strategies for the Enhancement of Biopigments Production
	6.5 Concluding Remark
	References
7: Revealing the Features of the Oxidative Enzyme Production by White-Rot Basidiomycetes During Fermentation of Plant Raw Mate...
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Screening of LME Producers
		7.1.2 Effect of Lignocellulosic Substrates
		7.1.3 Effect of Carbon Source
		7.1.4 Effect of Nitrogen Source
	7.2 Aromatic Compounds
	7.3 Effect of Microelements
	7.4 Effect of Co-cultivation
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
8: Endophytic Bacterial Applications in Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants and Toxic Metals
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Endophytic Bacteria
	8.3 Ecological Significance of Endophytic Bacteria
	8.4 Uptake of Organic Pollutants by Plants
	8.5 Oxidation and Reduction of Metals by the Endophytes
	8.6 Plant-Endophytic Association for the Remediation of Pollutants
	8.7 Factors Impacting Endophytic Bacteria Remediation Activities
	8.8 Phytoremediation Application Approaches Through Omics
	8.9 Conclusion
	References
9: Biotechnological Interventions for Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) Based Biofertilizer: Technological Perspectives
	9.1 Introduction: Fertilizers and Agriculture
		9.1.1 Chemical Fertilizers for Crops
		9.1.2 Biofertilizer
		9.1.3 Microorganisms Used in Biofertilizer
	9.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi
		9.2.1 General Properties of Mycorrhiza
		9.2.2 Classification of AMF
		9.2.3 Life Cycle of AMF
		9.2.4 Molecular Evidences of Fungal and Plant Symbiosis
		9.2.5 Host Root Recognition
	9.3 Properties of Mycorrhiza to Be Use as Biofertilizer
		9.3.1 Phosphate Absorption
		9.3.2 Nitrogen Absorption
		9.3.3 Abiotic Stress Tolerance
		9.3.4 Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens
			9.3.4.1 Improved Nutrient Supply to Host
			9.3.4.2 Competition with Pathogenic Fungi for Resources
			9.3.4.3 Structural Changes in the Root System
			9.3.4.4 Stimulation of Defense Mechanism of Host Plant
		9.3.5 Phytoremediation and Environment Protection
	9.4 Use of Mycorrhiza as Biofertilizers
		9.4.1 Production of AM Inoculum
		9.4.2 Use of AMF Inoculum in Field
		9.4.3 Analysis of Enhancement in Crop Production Using AMF Biofertilizers
	9.5 Problems Associated with AMF Biofertilizers
	9.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective
	References
10: Probiotics and Prebiotics: Techniques Used and Its Relevance
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Their Proposed Mechanism of Action
	10.3 New Generation Techniques
	10.4 Encapsulation and Immobilization
	10.5 Conclusions
	References
11: Evaluation Techniques of the Chemical and Microbiological Water Quality in the Coastal Environment
	11.1 Coastal Environment and Pollution
	11.2 Common Chemical and Microbiological Parameters in Coastal Environment
	11.3 Index for Chemical And Microbiological Evaluation in Coastal Environment
	11.4 Best Available and Emerging Techniques for Anthropic Contamination
		11.4.1 Chemical Markers (Sterols)
		11.4.2 Emerging Contaminants
		11.4.3 Personal Care Products
		11.4.4 Pharmaceuticals Substances
		11.4.5 Antibiotics
		11.4.6 Microplastic
		11.4.7 Plasticizers
		11.4.8 Food Additives
	11.5 Conclusions
	References
12: Enzyme Engineering Techniques for Biotechnological Applications
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 New Techniques in Enzyme Engineering
		12.2.1 Rational and Semi-Rational Designing of Enzymes
		12.2.2 Computational Engineering for Fast Designing
		12.2.3 Use of Artificial Intelligence Approach
		12.2.4 De Novo Designing of Enzymes
	12.3 Application of Enzyme Engineering
		12.3.1 Environmental Applications
		12.3.2 Food Processing Industry
	12.4 Advantages of Engineered Enzymes Over Traditional Enzymes
	12.5 Future Perspectives and Conclusions
	References